xii.] THE COAST AND EEINDEER CHUKCHES. 459 



nearly allied to the Chukches as the Spaniards to the Portuguese, 

 but yet differ considerably in their mode of life ; also that 

 a part of these authors' statements regarding the Chukches do 

 not at all refer to that tribe, but to the Eskimo. It appears 

 indeed that recently, after the former national enmity had 

 ceased, mixed races have arisen among these tribes. But it 

 ought not to be forgotten that they differ widely in origin, 

 although the Chukches as coming at a later date to the coast 

 of the Polar Sea have adopted almost completely the hunting 

 implements and household furniture of the Eskimo; and the 

 Eskimo again, in the- districts where they come in contact with 

 the Chukches, have adopted various things from their language. 

 Like the Lapps and most other European and Asiatic Polar 

 races, the Chukches fall into two divisions speaking the same 

 language and belon^inef to the- same race-, but differinq' con- 

 siderably in their mode of life. One division consists of reindeer 

 nomads, who, with their often very numerous reindeer herds, 

 wander about between Behring's Straits, and the Indigirka 

 and the Penschina Bays. They live by tending reindeer and 

 by trade, and consider themselves the chief part of the Chukch 

 tribe. The other division of the race are the coast ChukcheSj 

 who do not own any reindeer, but live in fixed but easily 

 movable and frequently moved tents along the coast between 

 Chaun Bay and Behring's Straits. But beyond East Cape there 

 is found along the coast of B'ehring's Sea another tribe, nearly 

 allied to the Eskimo. This is Wrangel's Onkilon, Liitke's 

 Namollo. Now, however, Chukches also have settled at several 

 points on this line of coast,, and a portion of the Eskimo have 

 adopted the language of the saperioi Chukch race. Thu& the 

 inhabitants at St. Lawrence Bay spoke Chukch, with little 

 mixture of foreign words, and differed in their mode of life and 

 api^earance only inconsiderably from the Chukches, whom 

 during the course of the winter we learned to know from nearly 

 all parts of the Chukch peninsula. The same was the case with 

 the natives who came on board the Vega while we sailed past 

 East Cape, and mth the two families we visited in Konyam Bay. 

 But the natives in the north-west part of St. Lawrence Island 

 talked an Eskimo dialect, quite different from Chukch. There 

 were, however, many Chukch words incorporated with it. At 

 Port Clarence on the contrary there lived pure Eskimo. Among 

 them we found a Chukch woman who informed us that there 

 were Chukch villages also on the American side of Behring's 

 Strait, north of Prince of Wales Cape. These cannot, however, 

 be very numerous or jiopulous, as they are not mentioned in the 

 accounts of the various English expeditions to those regions ; 

 they are not noticed for instance in Dr. John Simpson's 

 instructive memoir on the Eskimo at Behring's Straits. 



