424 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OK Flt^H AND FISHERIES. 



ANALYSIS OK KlltOPKAN AND AMKKILAX (iKNKKA Ol" STAlUDyE. 



Subfamily I. — IIoi'i.oi'ACinN.i:. 



(Sjxiridw with tlie anterior nostrils tiibula;-, at the eud of the snout.) 



Anterior nostril remote from the otlier, close to the i>remaxillary, iu the end of a 

 barbel or tube; vomer Avith a few molar teeth; teeth of .jaws coarse and l)lunt, the 

 lateral teeth molar; dorsal spines continuous with the soft rays, which are scaly at 

 base; intestinal canal short; skull and general anatomy essentially as in Luijaiius. 

 One genus, in the eastern Pacific. 



a. A^onier, Avith about three coarse molar, teeth ; dorsal spines 10 ; scales large ; 

 gill-rakers few; tongue and palatines toothless; lower pharyngeals narrow, 

 with small conical teeth Hoi'Lopacjkus, 1. 



Subfamily II. — Lutjanin.e. 



(Sparida' with pointed teeth only, some of them canine-like, and witli 

 villiform teeth on the vomer.) 



Nostrils normal; teeth in jaws all pointed, some of these teeth larger than others, 

 forming more or less distinct canines; vomer and palatines with villiform teeth; 

 lower pharyngeals narrow, with slender teeth; no "distinct tubercles from the 

 cranium for the articulation with the upper pharyngeals; enlarged apophyses for 

 articulation with the palatines and preorbitals; anterior vertebra*, without para- 

 pophyses." (Gill.) Scales large; dorsal tin single or divided; intestinal canal short, 

 with few co'ca. 



Species numerous in all tropical seas, the vast majority of them referable to the 

 typical genus, Luljanus. Several of them occur at considerable depths, and one 

 ( Verilus sordklus) is a true deep-water tish. The fishes of the group present some 

 analogies to the Serranidw. 



a. Interorbital area not flat nor separated from the occipital region, the median 

 and lateral crests procurrent on it, and the frontal narrowed forward; 

 dorsal fin continuous, the spines not separated by a notch from the 

 soft rays. 



h. Prefrontals, with the articular facets arising from diverging V-shaped ridges; 

 basi-sphenoid, Avith an anterior lobiform extension; soft dorsal and 

 anal scaly; dorsal spines 10 or 11 <in American species); tongue Avith 

 teeth (at least in adult specimens). 

 c. Fronto-occipital crest ceasing anteriorly far from front of frontal ; prefrontal 

 with posterior areas impressed, longand cribriform; no pterygoid teeth; 



caudal tin lunate; gill-rakers rather few, sliortish Lut.iancs, 2. 



cc. Fronto-occipital crest continued on ethmoidal i)rojeetion; prefrontals with 

 posterior areas short and excavated above and in front; pterygoid 

 teeth present (in the adult) in a narrow l)and; caudal lin very deeply 

 forked ; gill-rakers numerous, rather long Oc vi'uus, 3. 



hh. I'refroutals Avith the articular facets developed from simple tubercles and 

 not V-^^hiiped; basi-sphenoiil not lobigerous; canines small; soft rays 

 of dorsal 10 or 11. 

 (/. rrefrontals Avith the posterior are ascribriform ; pterygoid Avith abroad 

 ]»atch of teeth (in adult) ; hyoid bones and tongue Avith teeth ; canines 

 very small or ol>solete; dorsal spines 12 (or 13); soft dorsal and anal 

 someAvhat scaled; to]) of head scaled to before middle of eye; gill- 

 ralcers numerous RiioMUoi'i.iTES, 4. 



