SPAROID FIHIIES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 429 



Sul)t;unily IX. — .S(ATIIAi;in.k. 



(Herbivorous Si>(iri(l<r with Hxod iuci.sor teeth in the front of the jaws 

 only; no molars, no teetli on tho \'onu'r or pulatiues; the 

 ])ylorie eoH-a few in uninl)cr and the vertical iins not scaly.) 



Body oblong or elevated, with acales of moderate or rather small size. Month 

 moderate, Avith immovable incisor teeth in the front of the .jaws, no molar teeth, 

 and with no teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongne; lower rays of pectoral branched; 

 vertical fins naked; intestinal canal elongate, with few pyloric c(eca. Air bladder 

 usually with two posterior horns. 



Herbivorous shore fishes, the numerous species nearly all ((mlined t(} the waters of 

 the eastern Atlantic. 



a. Pyloric co'ca few (al)out 4); teeth fixed; cheeks an<l o])ercles scaly; vertical 

 fins naked. 

 b. Incisor teeth broad, in a single series, with no cardiform teetli behind them, 

 c. Incisor teeth broad, notched at tip. 



<?. Incisor teeth with no other teeth behind them. 



e. Body elongate, subcylindrical; dorsal spines 11 or 1.5, eyes large. 



[Box, 35.] 



ee. Body oblong, compressed; dorsal spines 11; eyes small.. . [BooPS, 36.] 



dd. Incisor teeth with a band of small granular teeth behind them; a series 



of pointed teeth on sides of jaws; body oblong, ovate, compressed ; 



dorsal rays xi, 14 [Oijlada, 37. ] 



cc. Incisor teetli lanceolate, with no other teeth behind them; body oblong, 



compressed; dorsal rays xi,ll [Scatiiarls, 38.] 



bb. Incisors narrow, lanceolate, witli a band of cardiform teeth behind them; 

 body oblong, ovate, compressed; dorsal spines 10 or 11. 



[Spondyliosoma, 39.] 



Subfamily X. — Giuellin^. 



(Herbivorous Sparidcv with a band of movalde incisor teeth in front of 

 each jaw; no molars; few teeth if any on palatines; the 

 opercles scaleless; the pyloric cceca very numerous and the 

 dorsal not closely scaled.) 



Body oblong, with scales of moderate or small size; mouth mo<lerate, with mov- 

 able incisor teeth in a band in tlie front of each jaw; no teeth on vomer or tongue, 

 .sometimes a few teeth on palatines; all rays of pectoral branched; dorsal and anal 

 scaly at base. Intestinal canal elongate, with many pyloric co-ca. 



Herbivorous shore fishes, found only in the Pacific Ocean. 



a. Incisors all tricuspid. 



h. Dorsal spines 14 or 15; each jaw with a series of ilat, movable, tricuspid 

 incisors, behind which is a broad band of similar smaller ones; 



dorsal continuous, its spines low Gntia.i.A, 10. 



hh. Dorsal spines 12 or 13; "in both jaws series of fiat tricus](i<l teeth, behind 

 whicli is a band of similar teeth, less developed and replacing the 

 former ; " soft dorsal and anal elevated Doyihxodun', 4 i . 



