E V O L U T I O N 



33 



ySTEGAKOPODES 



iBo 



150 120 60 40 30 



MILLIONS OF YEARS 



o o 



PALAEOGNATHAE (Ostriches, 



Rheas, Cassowaries, Emuit, 



Kiwis, Tinamous) 

 G^F//1£ (Divers) 

 PODICIPEDES (Grebes) 

 PELECANIDAE (Pelicans) 

 Morus (Gannets) \ct TT tt-> \ T? 

 Sula (Boobies) / ^ U i.1 UAL 



PHALACROGORACIDAE (Gor- 

 morants) 



ANHINGIDAE (Darters) 



PHAETHONTIDAE (Tropic- 

 Birds) 



FREGATIDAE (Frigate-Birds) 



SPHEjXISCI (Penguins) 



DIOMEDEIDAE (Albatrosses) 



P:Sh':"a™.5„,}PROCELLARnNAE V rUBINARES 



HYDROBATINAE (Small 



Petrels) J 



PELEGANOIDIDAE (Diving 



Petrels) 

 Branta (Black Geese) 

 Anser (Grey Geese) 

 Anser {Chen Group) 

 Cygnus (Swans) j- 



n.ndrocygna, etc. (Tree-Ducks) j'ANATIDAE 

 Anas, etc. (River-Ducks) 

 Aythya, etc. (Pochards) 

 — ^ Mergus, etc. (Sea-Ducks) 

 Other Duck Tribes 

 .\NHIMIDAE (Screamers) 



FALCONES (Diurnal Birds of 



Prey) 

 GRESSORES (Herons, Storks. 



Ibises, Flamingos)* 

 G.-lZ,Z,/(Game-BTrds) 



GRUES (Cranes, Rails and 



Bustards) 

 CHARADRIIDAE (Waders) 

 STERGORARILXAE (Skuas) 



LARIDAE (Gulls and Terns) 

 RYNGHOPINAE (Skimmers) 

 ALCIDAE (Auks) 

 STRIGES (Owls) 

 J PA 'y'SERES (Perching and Singing 

 Birds) 



yA.ySERES 



LARO- 

 LIMICOLAE 



10 



*Mayr and Amadoo (1951) placf these hi an 

 order PHOEMiCOPTERI nf«r*r Anwrei. 



Fig. 3 

 Diagrammatic family tree of sea-birds, mainly after Hildegarde Howard (1950) 



