EVOLUTION 35 



of which eight breed in the South Pacific, seven in the Antarctic 

 Ocean, five in the South Atlantic and two in the Indian Ocean. One 

 (and one only) reaches the Equator, and thus the North Pacific, at 

 the Galapagos Islands. No live wild penguin has ever been seen in 

 the North Atlantic. * It seems certain that the evolution of this order 

 of birds has taken place in Antarctica and in the neighbouring sectors 

 of the South Pacific. 



The great order of Tubinares the albatrosses, petrels and shear- 

 waters, probably originated in what is now the South Pacific. 

 Nobody knows exactly how many species belong to this order, as 

 there is a good deal of disorder in the published systematics of this 

 very difficult group ; but the number is certainly eighty-six, and may be 

 over ninety Of these fifty-four breed in the South Pacific, twenty-seven 

 in the Antarctic, twenty-five in the North Pacific, twenty-four in the 

 South Atlantic, seventeen in the Indian Ocean, thirteen in the North 

 Atlantic, three in the Mediterranean, and only one, the fulmar, in 

 the Arctic Ocean. 



The Steganopodes are an order which is particularly well repre- 

 sented in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans. The pelicans, gannets, 

 cormorants, darter, tropic- and frigate-birds number fifty-four 

 species in all. Thirty-one breed in the South Pacific. Twenty-eight 

 breed in the Indian Ocean. The North Pacific has twenty-three, the 

 South Atlantic twenty, the North Atlantic sixteen, the Mediterranean 

 six, the Antarctic three, and the Arctic two. The present distribu- 

 tion suggests that the order radiated from what is now the East 

 Indian region — from south-east Asia or Australasia. 



In the order Laro-Limicolae the family Chionididae, two curious 

 pigeon-like sheathbills, Chionis, are found in Antarctica; and one also 

 breeds in the South Atlantic and South Pacific. 



In the family Laridae the gulls (subfamily Larinae) number 

 forty-two. In the North Pacific sixteen of these breed, in the North 

 Atlantic fourteen, in the Arctic eleven, in the South Pacific nine, in 

 the Indian Ocean six, in the South Atlantic five, in the Mediterranean 

 five, in the Antarctic two. Besides these two breed inland only in 

 North America, one inland only in South America, and three inland 



* Apart from nine king-penguins, Aptenodytes patagonica, introduced into the Lofotens 

 and West Finmark, Norway, in 1936; most soon disappeared or died, but at least 

 two survived on the coast until 1943 and one to 1944 (G. Schoyen in K. Curry- 

 Lindahl, 1947, and W. E. Glegg, 1949). Some macaroni and jackass penguins 

 {Eudyptes chrysolophus and Spheniscus demersus) were also released in the Lofotens in 

 1938 but these were never seen again. 



