458 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
uncialis grows on rocks above and below low-water mark and is conspicuous in the 
winter and spring. C. refracta and C. Rudolphiana are frequently abundant on stones 
near low water and below. C. rupestris is a striking species growing off exposed points 
as at Nobska and Gay Head. 
The list of Cladophoras in this region is large, but they are apt to grow mixed with 
other alge. However, C. albida, C. albida var. refracta, C. arcta, C. gracilis, and C. 
lanosa var. uncialis frequently form extensive and almost pure growths, which are as 
conspicuous as the zones of Ulva, Enteromorpha, and Monostroma. 
(10) THE VAUCHERIA ASSOCIATIONS. 
Vaucheria litorea and V. Thuretw are occasionally found forming rather extensive 
and sometimes matted growths over gravel and mud near low-water mark and below. 
(11) THE ECTOCARPUS ASSOCIATIONS. 
Most of the species of Ectocarpus grow attached to larger alge or to Zostera, but 
some are found on stones and the woodwork of wharves near low-water mark and below. 
Ectocarpus confervoides and E. siliculosus are frequently present in the latter situations, 
forming at times extensive growths. Some of the epiphytic species may grow so thickly 
over such forms as Scytostphon lomentarius, Desmarestia aculeata, Chordaria flagelli- 
formis, Chorda filum, Laminaria Agardhiu, and Zostera as to form a conspicuous part 
of the associations that contain these larger alge and the eel grass. The commonest 
of the epiphytic species are Ectocarpus ecidioides on old Laminaria, E. confervoides on 
Scytostphon and Chordana, E. fasiculatus on Chordaria and Chorda, E. granulosus on Sar- 
gassum, E. penicillatus on larger alge and Zostera, and E. siliculosus on Scytostphon, 
Zostera, etc. 
(12) THE CLADOSTEPHUS ASSOCIATION. 
Cladostephus verticillatus grows in fairly deep water and has a scattered distri- 
bution in Vineyard Sound (chart 229). It was dredged in 2 to 13 fathoms over sandy 
and stony bottoms. Although not plentiful, this species is conspicuous for its size; it 
is a member of the warm-water sublittoral formation (B). 
(13) THE SPHACELARIA ASSOCIATIONS. 
Sphacelaria cirrhosa is epiphytic on Fucus, Ascophyllum, Sargassum, and occasion- 
ally on Zostera; it may also grow on stones. ‘The species is probably widely distributed 
along the coast and was dredged in 3 to 8 fathoms on Sargassum and stones at several 
scattered stations in Vineyard Sound. 
Sphacelaria radicans is common attached to stones, shells, and mud-covered rocks. 
It was dredged in 3 to 5 fathoms, chiefly at stations near Vineyard Haven. 
The two species are in the warm-water sublittoral formation (s). 
(14) THE DESMOTRICHUM AND PUNCTARIA ASSOCIATIONS. 
Desmotrichum balticum and D. undulatum are common, especially in the spring, 
forming dense growths on Zostera; they are occasionally found on larger alge and on 
rocks. 
Punctaria latifolia and P. plantaginea are likewise common in the spring, the former 
on Zostera and larger alge, the latter on alge and rocks. 
