HISTORY OP THE AMERICAN MENHADEN. 215 



the LofodcD Jshmd by Dr. Sclieibler and Ilcrr Fiohlicb. In 185G, 

 Stoeckhardt informs us tbat a joint stock-company bad been formed at 

 Cbristiana for tbe manufacture of tbe guano, and bad taken tbe patent 

 from Dr. K. Hansen and F. C. Scbiibler. (Tbe Dr. Scbiebler above?) 

 Tbe company consisted of tbese two gentlemen and tbree otbers, IMessrs. 

 Froblicb, Brocb, and Ileftye. In 1859, be reports tbe manufacture as 

 baviug finally begun in tbe past season (ISoS) on a large scale. In 1860, 

 tbe guano was offered for sale in Germany, by Mr. Meinert, of Leipsic. 

 In 1863, Mr. Meinert states that, "unfortunately," the fish guano has 

 become so popular in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, tbat a large part 

 of the supply has been retained there, and not enough will reach Germany 

 to supply the demand. In 1869, Meinert reports to the "Ackersmann" 

 that the manufacture has attained such a degree of perfection that an 

 article can be offered of uniform composition, and containing 8 to 10 per 

 cent, of nitrogen and 10 to 15 per cent, of phosphoric acid. 



In 1870, it was stated tbat the refuse of 4 to 5 million codfish was 

 worked up into guano, while that of the remaining 14 to 15 million was 

 still allowed to go to waste. 



In 1871, Meinert, whose accounts of bis journeys to Lofoden, published 

 in tbe "Chemische Ackersmann," are well worth the reading, reports the 

 success of attempts, undertaken by himself, to make guano from whole 

 fish, from kinds whose inferior value for human food had caused them to 

 be sold at very low prices or to be used in Norway for cattle food. From 

 these "waste fish" 200 tons of guano had been prepared, of so good 

 quality that a content of 11 to 12 per cent, nitrogen and 5 to 6 per cent, 

 phosphoric acid. The high proportion of nitrogen is due to the use of 

 the whole fish. It finds rapid sales at higher prices than the ordinary 

 guano. 



In 1874, the "Landwirtbschaftliches Centralblatt" (XXII, 613) speaks 

 of tbe Norwegian guano as follows : 



"The Norwegian guano, as is well known, is made of tbe heads 

 and backs of the cod.* These fish are taken from January to May, 

 all along the coast from Finmark to Hammerfest, lat. 68-71 N., but 

 especially on the Lofoden Islands. During the season 2,000 fishermen 

 are engaged. The catch of cod has averaged during the past ten years, 

 according to statistical reports, from 18,000,000 to 22,000,000. The 

 sides of the fish are dried either on lines upheld by posts or upon the 

 rocks. Those prepared in the former way are sold in Spain, Italy, &c., 

 under the name stock-fish j the others are sent to Eussia and Sweden, 

 under the name of KlqjpJiscJi.j The refuse was formerly thrown into 

 the sea or left to tbe sea fowls, except the small quantity used as fodder 



"The Dorscli, Gadus caUarins, common Cod, and Kabeljau, Gadus molva vcl morrhua, 

 Ling, are both said to be taken at Lofoden. Sometimes one and sometimes tbe other is 

 named as the principal fish of those fisheries. [They are the same. G. B. G.] 



\ Stock, rod, stick; Elippe, rock; so cod. Anglo Saxon gad or goad, a rod, and the 

 Latin gaudus has a corresponding Sanscrit root, cad or gad, a rod. See paper by J. C. 

 Brevoort, on the names of codfish. 



