Energies of the Organic World 87 



Contrariwise, the nucleus in relation to cell size is always 

 proportionately large in young active bio-cognitic cells of 

 plants and animals; it remains so in cells that continue long 

 in activity, as in gland cells, stomatic cells, apical cells, and 

 cambial cells of plants, and in dividing epithelial cells, in gland 

 cells, etc., of animals; while in nerve cells, and specially in 

 multipolar nerve cells, that are to a minor degree biotic, are 

 to greater degree cognitic, and are specially cogitic in energizing 

 relation, the nucleus and particularly the nucleolus are very 

 large. 



We shall meanwhile accept it then for further discussion, 

 that in the simpler Acaryota, protoplasm that is energized 

 by bio tic energy alone is evolved; that, in the higher forms of 

 these, rudiments of nucleo-protein bodies associated with con- 

 densing cognitic energy are traceable; and that, in the Caryota, 

 protoplasm and nucleo-protein in the form of definite nuclei are 

 energized by and correlative wHth biotic and cognitic energies. 



Accepting the action of biotic and cognitic energies as the 

 fundamental agents in building up and placing ether particles 

 for the Acaryota and the lower Caryota — that would include 

 higher plants and the simplest groups of invertebrate animals — 

 we turn next to the higher groups of the invertebrates, viz., 

 from the Coelenterata upwards, and to the vertebrates, as 

 illustrating a still more perfect degree of molecular organization, 

 that is superposed on the protoplasmic or biotic, and the chrom- 

 atin or cognitic. This, if we use the somewhat popular name, 

 we may designate as the phenomenon of mentality. Such is 

 always associated 'udth the activity of those special cell units — 

 the nerve cells — as the abundant studies of the past tliirty 

 years have demonstrated. 



The nerve cells exist in their simplest state, either as isolated 

 cells (Anemone, etc.), or as groups of such cells united by con- 

 necting fibers as in some medusse, echinoderms, etc. It is 

 in these groups then that Haeckel, Lauder-Lindsay (49), and 

 Romanes, as well as successors have looked for the most primi- 

 tive expressions of mental activity; that activity which in 

 several of the liigher animals assumes a marvelous degree of 



