CoGNiTic State of Energy 133 



suffice. To this it can be replied that during the past quarter 

 century all experiments made — confessedly rough in many 

 cases — to isolate the cell nucleus from the jirotoplasm and 

 then cause the latter to increase, or^to divide, or to metabolize 

 food material for^ any length of time, as well as the efforts of 

 Boveri and Delage to fertilize the enucleate protoplasm of an 

 animal egg by a spermatozoid, have in large part failed. Not 

 unfrequently, in the former cases, the protoplasm has lived 

 and moved for days, but what might be called the correlated 

 capacity for stimulation-perception and cumulated response, 

 so as to energize the protoplasm rapidly and continuously, 

 has gone.^ 



Objection might next and very forcibly be raised, that the 

 varied and active responses shown by many of the flagellate 

 bacteria are as rapid and sensitive as are those of the highest 

 nucleate plants. This is so, but we would place these members 

 of the Schizomycetes on a level with the higher Blue-green 

 Algae, in part because of the oft-reported presence in them of 

 chromidia, in part because of the specialized and energetic 

 character of the cilia, which seem often, if not always, in higher 

 plants to be formed from and in connection with chromatin 

 substance, and even as in spermatozoids to be intimately united 

 with the nucleus. 



In the simpler evolving nucleate algae, such as the Pleuro- 

 coccacese, Tetrasporaceae, and Protococcaceae, growth and 

 environal response in the adult organism are usually sluggish, 

 the protoplasm as in higher Cyanophyceae being predominant 

 in action. Only when ciliate swarmspores arise does active 

 and summated response to environal stimuli occur. But, in 

 the Volvocaceae, Desmidiaceae, and higher groups, ex})eriment 

 shows that response is active and well directed. Particularly 

 true is this again when motile swarmspores or ciliated gamete- 

 cells develop. The incessant movements then seen under the 

 microscope, the extremely rai)id vibration of the cilia in corre- 

 lated manner, and the rapid response shown to gravity, heat, 

 light, chemical agents, and injurious over-intense blue-violet 

 rays, all indicate the existence, in the nucleohis, nucleus, kino- 



