Relation of Higher Animals to Man 551 



Naples; and he says that they appeared to recognize their 

 keeper after they had for some time received their food from 

 him. Hollmann narrates that an octopus, which had had a 

 struggle with a lobster, followed the latter into an adjacent 

 tank, to which it had been removed for safety, and there de- 

 stroyed it. In order to do this the octopus had to climb up a 

 vertical partition above the surface of the water and descend 

 the other side. According to Schneider the Cephalopoda have 

 an abstract idea of water [hydrotactic rather he should prob- 

 ably have said: author], seeking to return to it when removed 

 even though they do not see it." 



The writer once secured a Loligo, in a rock pool of some size, 

 and experimenting with it for fully an hour, learned how alert, 

 rapid, cunning, and determined it was, while the almost con- 

 tinuous play of color over its body suggested a highly excited 

 state. Contrary also to the oft-repeated idea, it did not eject 

 its inky fluid till all other means of escape from its tormentor 

 had been exhausted. Then after many attempts to hide 

 amongst the seaweeds, to escape by a shallow passage, to simu- 

 late the surrounding stones and weeds, it only as a final resource 

 squirted out jets of brown-black "ink" that effectually hid it 

 in the somewhat extensive but shallow pool. 



One type, as well as one advantage — and undoubtedly a 

 most powerful one — of environal stimulus, the Cephalopoda 

 have not developed, viz.: the social or cooperative. They are 

 solitary, combative, essentially analytic animals, that live for 

 themselves. 



The next series of highly evolved animals is that of the 

 Spiders, amongst the Arachnida. That the latter is a very 

 ancient group of land animals is proved by the discovery of 

 forms near the living scorpions and spiders in beds of the car- 

 boniferous system. Whether their nervous complexity aj)- 

 proached that of recent ones it is impossible to say. 



Shipley speaks as follows: "The Arachnida, together with 

 the Crustacea, Insecta, Myriapoda, and Peripaius, make up 

 the great phylum Artlu-opoda, a i)hylum which, from the i)oint 

 of view of numbers of species and individuals, is the dominant 



