Relation of Higher Animals to Man 555 



males. The brain, according to Forel (180), is largest in the 

 first, smaller in the second, and least in the third. Brandt and 

 Kenyon have since shown that a similar condition obtains for 

 bees and other of the social Hymenoptera. 



In such cases therefore, primitively monomorphic species of 

 insects, belonging to different groups, have slowly evolved a 

 physiologically and morphologically distinct trimorphism. 

 The type that used its accessory head parts in most active, 

 varied, and continuous manner has correspondingly built up 

 the largest and most complicated brain mass; that which used 

 these least shows corresponding retardation. 



But in the life-history of ants, as in that of bees, many wasps, 

 and other insects, an important difference is observed in their 

 individual and specific economies, as compared with those of 

 the arachnids and cephalopods. This is the often highly evolved 

 and mentally specialized exhibition in ants of social union for 

 the general good, not merely of a colony, or of a group of them, 

 but at times for the good of entire species. 



Thus if we follow the exquisite and lucid descriptions of 

 Huber for the ant, supplemented by the later studies of 

 McCook, Lubbock, Forel, Wheeler, Janet, and others, as they 

 have described the road-clearing, nest-rearing, tunneling, 

 brick-making, plastering, door-construction, formation of 

 granaries, drying of grain, conveyance of food, rearing of 

 young, etc., that are engaged in, every candid and honest mind 

 will acknowledge that this is not only equal to average human 

 mentality, but that it greatly excels conditions shown by races 

 of men now alive. It is a poor and paltry as it is an unscientific 

 apology to make in trying to belittle their efforts, when one 

 says that in returning to their nests they are utterly lost, if 

 they miss their scent trail. Ninety at least out of every hun- 

 dred civilized human beings would perish, were they to lose 

 their eyes suddenly and be prevented crying when five hundred 

 yards from their home and in the midst of a forest. 



The fourth species that includes highly specialized animals 

 morphologically is that of the higher birds. The group is 

 specially noteworthy, for, as has often been remarked by zo- 



