Relation of Higher Animals to Man 565 



the strongest possible corroboration of the theory which as- 

 signs psychological development in general to the joint opera- 

 tion of individual experience coupled with natural selection. 

 For thousands of years man has been virtually, though uncon- 

 sciously, performing what evolutionists may regard as a gigantic 

 experiment upon the potency of individual experience accumu- 

 lated by heredity; and now there stands before us this most 

 wonderful monument of his labors — the culmination of his 

 experiment in the transformed psychology of the dog." 



It would be superfluous here to enlarge on the manifold 

 ways in which the dog is now utilized by man. We would 

 merely afhrni that all of its actions represent a hereditary feral 

 capacity, due to exercise of the four centers of environal con- 

 tact above mentioned, all of which have been, in one breed or 

 another, added to and made more complex by man. These 

 environal stimuli have all acted on the brain substance to cause 

 increasing growth and complexity in storing sense-impressions, 

 while proenvironal responses have started that constitute col- 

 lectively what might be called the canine character. 



There remain for study in this chapter the anthropoid apes, 

 some of which deservedly rank next to man in intelligence and 

 mental capacity. It has been accepted here that they seem to 

 be derived anatomically by direct descent from the lemurs. 

 This accordingly condenses the evolutionary line in one sense, 

 though it gives increased time-duration for organic changes to 

 proceed in the component species and genera. 



In regard to them Romanes wrote: "These from an evolu- 

 tionary point of view are the most interesting. Unfortunately, 

 however, the intelligence of apes, monkeys, and baboons has not 

 presented material for nearly so many observations as that of 

 other intelligent mammals. Useless for all i)urposes of labor 

 or aid, mischievous as domestic pets, and in all cases trouble- 

 some to keep, these animals have never enjoyed the improving 

 influence of hereditary domestication, while for the same rea- 

 sons observation of the intelligence of captured individuals has 

 been comparatively scant. Still more unfortunately, these re- 

 marks apply to the most man-like of the group and the nearest 



