CoGiTic Evolution of IVIan 617 



ments and also to the absorbent cells of the alimentary canal, 

 the substances as assimilated by these cells are satisfying from 

 the nutritive standpoint to the general cells of the body and 

 nourish these. So from the first acts of taste-stimulation till 

 ultimate nutritive absorption has taken place a completely 

 satisfied resultant or cumulation of sensations, or in other words 

 a sensation of pleasure, is experienced. 



In marked contrast to the above is the resultant action of 

 honey on different human organisms. For most individuals a 

 highly pleasing and satisfying food, it is for others a highly 

 disagreeable and disturbing chemical substance. 



Let us now cite, however, a somewhat opposite, but yet 

 highly interesting case. Many can eat with satisfaction raw 

 or fried onions, others on eating a piece no larger than a bean 

 become nauseated within three to five hours, later on pained 

 in the head, then flatulent, and for twenty to twenty-six hours 

 highly unsatisfied or disturbed throughout the organism. Such 

 seems to be entirely due to the presence in the onion of oil of 

 garlic (CeHigSg), a definite chemical body which to many acts 

 as a completely satisfying, i. e., pleasant compound, but to 

 others develops a highly pained condition. 



Many substances like alcohol, morphine, nicotine, acetic 

 and citric acids, or annotto, are either at first or always unsatis- 

 fying, i. e., unpleasant, but are or may become highly satis- 

 fying and so agreeable to others. Some of them also may be 

 nutritive and synthetic, others innutritions and analytic. The 

 lower animals instinctively perceive these differences, owing to 

 the usually limited range of substances from which they draw 

 their food supply, and the usually high sensitivity of the olfac- 

 tory organs. The higher animals, and especially man, with as 

 a rule a wider range of food substances and more extensive 

 change of environment, respond to a large degree intelligently. 



Intelligence then is fundamentally a rapid as well as extended 

 capacity for distinguishing between cumulated resultants of 

 distinct stimuli that are satisfying and so helpful or pleasing to 

 an organism, and like resultants that are unsatisfying and so 

 retarding or destructive to it. Thus the intelligence of a 



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