Proenvironment in the Evolution of Man 641 



pushing his trade further; for increasing the amount and vari- 

 ety of his barter-goods; for employing men and animals — 

 in other words many hand-activities — in assistance; for secur- 

 ing a more and more extended knowledge of human needs. 

 All of these would blend together into one proenvironal re- 

 sultant, that would send him forth as an enterprising mer- 

 chant who had determined on a definite course of successful 

 action. For enterprise is varied and vigorous proenvironal plan- 

 ning that is being put into practice. Fungoid hyphse, roots 

 and shoots, spiders and ants, dogs and men, all show it in 

 varying degrees of activity and complexity. 



But, further, such human enterprise proenvironed the possi- 

 bility of drawing many individuals together, at some one place, 

 during a particular time. The outcome was the institution 

 of fairs or markets. These are still with us, and "an open 

 market" represents alike a highly evolved and steadily elab- 

 orated proenvironal plan, as well as an institution that steadily 

 makes for increased social organization. The tendency to 

 strangle these, that trusts and related monopolies have fos- 

 tered, is one of the many glaring evils of trust organization, 

 that has only been offset by the great lesson they have taught, 

 of the comparative ease with which organized effort can pro- 

 duce enormous results by utilization of economizing machinery. 



Flowing naturally again from such gradual commercial 

 expansion arose a great question that required and received 

 consideration. We refer to means of conununication. Thieves 

 by the highway who plundered villagers in some areas; flooded 

 rivers and washed out roads at certain seasons; need for public 

 caravanserai accommodation; all acted, along with many 

 others, as stimuli to the proenvironing or mapping out of 

 areas of tribal or national supervision, that culminated in 

 the phenomenal international highways of the Iranian, the 

 Hittite, and the Roman rulers, or of the Peruvian Incas. The 

 proenvironal i)lan of one ambitious aspiring Roman Emperor 

 often became also the continued response of his successor 

 through years of effort, till final accomplishment was reached. 



The railroad train with steam engine, dining-car, Pullman 

 sleeper, and baggage wagon; the huge transatlantic liner; 



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