Cooperative System Amongst Lower Animals 787 



of man on the earth. They looked more largely to an ideal 

 and future heaven, but even this was a perfected earth, "wherein 

 dwelleth righteousness." The cunningly — at times however 

 honestly — devised "state" religions simply served to divert 

 Christian minds from the possibility of Christ's and of Paul's 

 doctrines becoming practical guides to the earthly unification 

 of man, and invested the doctrines with an ultraterrestrial 

 fulfillment that the propounders of it never intended. 



It follows therefore that the Christian Socialists of today 

 are, in their social attitude, the hereditary descendants of 

 the Christians of the primitive Church. Kidd and Cham- 

 berlain have to a considerable degree recognized this, and 

 above all have clearly pointed out that the high-water mark 

 of civilization today has been attained in professedly Christian 

 lands and by Christian peoples. 



Furthermore, if the leading social literature of today be 

 synopsized into a set of brief axioms, these are equally the 

 fundamental duties that Paul enjoined, and that the early 

 Christian Church put into practice. The socialistic extensions 

 of recent socialistic writers are the details that fit these axioms 

 to modern industrial, commercial, agrarian, and governmental 

 development. 



So, as not a few writers of the past decade — some of them 

 even by no means biased toward cooperative or socialistic 

 evolution — have testified, mankind in relation to the evo- 

 lution of the world and of his own species has reached a stage 

 where the individual as an organism becomes merged in and 

 aids toward the upbuilding of "Society as a compound or- 

 ganism." Just as in all biological advance the "organic" 

 molecules organize into a cell, as the cells organize into a multi- 

 cellular individual, as the multicellular individual develops 

 a synthesizing brain, so in time the next stage is reached of 

 the individuals organizing into a social whole that constitutes 

 "society." Here Herbert Spencer reached a safe conclusion 

 in his "Westminster" Article (^^7), even though the founda- 

 tions on which it largely rested had to be constructed in the 

 future. The picture from Hobbes that he quotes of "a vast 



