OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS IN PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 



divided to 1/10° we find a probable difference of 0.°033 

 at one single comparison and a probable average differ- 

 ence of OfOZS, the maximum range of the differences 

 being O.^IGO or 0.°040 if the breaking-off device functions 

 perfectly. The corresponding maximum values are 

 0^190 and OfllO with a range of 0°160. From this dis- 

 cussion it appears that a study of the differences be- 

 tween the corrected readings of thermometers, which 

 have been used in pairs, will help to clarify the question 

 about the probable and possible errors of the single 

 temperature observations. 



Table 2 contains the results of the comparisons be- 

 tween thermometers which were divided to 1/20°. Here 

 the reduced reading of the thermometer with the highest 

 PTR number has been subtracted from the reduced 



Table 2. Comparisons between thermometers which 

 were divided to one-twentieth of a degree 



PTR nos. 



No. of 

 compar- 

 isons 



Mean 

 differ- 

 ence 



Range 



Used at 

 stations 



127584 



127585 



127585 



127585 



127586 



127586 



127586 



127586 



127587 



127589 



127592 



127593 



502 



502 



505 



507 



512 



3376 



3376 



3378 



158 



161 



■127585 



•127586 



-3378 



-161 



-503 



-514 



-3376 



-909 



■127588 



-127590 



-127593 



-514 



■503 



-504 



-508 



-510 



-513 



-3379 



-3378 



-3379 



-159 



-908 



4 



35 



38 



16 



29 



10 



3 



5 



5 



7 



10 



7 



21 



38 



19 



20 



7 



4 



2 



2 



15 



10 



-0.024 



0.006 



0.005 



-0.004 



-0.025 



-0.017 



0.006 



-0.015 



0.004 



-0.005 



-0.017 



-0.004 



-0.003 



0.004 



-0.002 



0.012 



0.008 



0.006 



0.003 



-0.014 



-0.003 



0.050 



0.014 

 0.045 

 0.031 

 0.026 

 0.016 

 0.041 

 0.021 

 0.010 

 0.010 

 0.022 

 0.019 

 0.030 

 0.017 

 0.049 

 0.024 

 0.039 

 0.038 

 0.030 

 0.012 

 0.009 

 0.025 

 0.016 



152-157 



7- 60 



72-114 



116-134 



78-114 



61- 77 



121-126 



142-149 



7- 13 



8- 30 

 17- 31 



7- 

 32- 

 53- 



3- 



14 

 52 

 91 

 31 



3- 31 

 11- 30 

 81- 91 

 116-118 

 152-153 

 115-132 

 140-150 



reading of the thermometer with the lowest PTR number. 

 The signs of the differences are, therefore, accidental 

 and on the average for all thermometers the difference 

 ought to disappear. The table also gives the number of 

 comparisons for the different pairs, the average differ- 

 ence, the range of the differences, and the number of 

 stations at which the thermometers were used together. 

 The last-named information is not complete inasmuch 

 as only the first and last stations at which thermometers 

 were used have been entered. 



Table 3 contains the corresponding information for 

 the cases in which one of the thermometers was divided 

 to 1/20° and the other to 1/10°, and table 4 for the 

 cases in which both thermometers were divided to 1/10°. 

 It should be noted that a total of thirty-six cases has 

 been omitted when preparing these tables because the 

 differences were so great that one of the thermometers 

 obviously was out of order. 



From these tables it is seen that the mean differ- 

 ence reaches or exceeds the value of 0.°03 in three cases 

 only. The difference (161-908) is 0.°05 and this differ- 

 ence must be attributed to an error in the correction of 



thermometer 908 because 161 was used in combination 

 with 127585 and 203, and was found in agreement with 

 these. In order to taring thermometer 908 in agreement 

 with the others we must change the correction of this 

 thermom'^ter by -t-0.^05. This has been done in the final 

 revision of the temperatures. The other conspicuous 



Table 3. Comparisons between thermometers which 



were divided to one-twentieth or 



one-tenth of a degree 



PTR nos. 



No. of 

 compar- 



Mean 

 differ- 

 ence 



Range 



Used at 

 stations 



127552- 



127552- 



127557- 



127558- 



127077- 



127585- 



502- 



503- 



3376- 



3378- 



3379- 



3379- 



159- 



161- 



37339- 



127584 



514 



502 



127584 



127587 



37339 



200 



198 



205 



203 



4258 



4259 



201 



203 



514 



50 



10 



26 



1 



6 



9 



15 



11 



11 



6 



1 



6 



17 



3 



2 



0.020 

 -0.005 

 -0.012 

 0.015 

 0.005 

 0.018 

 0.013 

 0.015 

 0.013 

 0.005 

 0.015 

 0.004 

 0.001 

 0.003 

 -0.042 



0.053 

 0.032 

 0.036 



0.0 i's 



0.031 

 0.056 

 0.031 

 0.041 

 0.021 



0.026 

 0.035 

 0.017 

 0.031 



92-151 

 152-162 



92-119 

 158 



36- 46 



61- 71 

 133-150 

 152-162 

 153-162 

 121-126 



154 

 121-126 

 133-150 

 136-139 



59- 60 



Table 4. Comparisons between thermometers which 

 were divided to one-tenth of a degree 



PTR nos. 



127552- 



127554- 



127555- 



127558- 



127558- 



127559- 



127559- 



127559- 



127075- 



127076- 



127076- 



127077- 



127077- 



127078- 



127078- 



127080- 



127081- 



127083- 



127084- 



127084- 



127085- 



127085- 



127087- 



127087- 



127087- 



127088- 



127089- 



4251- 



199- 



200- 



202- 



202 



202- 



205- 



127557 



127556 



127558 



127075 



198 



127076 



127087 



67958 



127076 



127077 



127078 



127079 



37339 



127079 



127089 



127086 



127082 



127084 



127088 



127088 



127086 



127086 



127089 



127088 



203 



127089 



206 



4252 



206 



201 



203 



205 



4259 



206 



Range 



Used at 

 stations 



0.050 

 0.040 

 0.060 

 0.010 

 0.070 

 0.044 

 0.032 

 0.028 

 0.065 

 0.066 

 0.064 

 0.069 

 0.024 

 0.066 

 0.044 

 0.030 

 0.067 

 0.060 

 0.058 

 0.055 

 0.063 

 0.061 

 0.083 

 0.034 

 0.040 

 0.031 

 0.019 

 0.045 

 0.033 

 0.037 

 0.051 

 0.066 

 0.048 

 0.005 



1- 91 



1- 31 



1- 2 



3- 6 



116-151 



40- 60 



20- 36 



37- 39 



127-162 



1- 34 



61-115 



74-110 



51- 58 



1- 32 



152-162 



105-117 



1-162 



1- 30 



33- 70 



71-117 



1- 43 

 44-162 

 44-118 



136-162 

 127-135 



2- 32 

 148-151 

 113-162 

 121-147 

 118-132 

 118-120 

 121-151 

 152-162 

 119-120 



