RESULTS WITHIN PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 



INTRODUCTION 



The present paper was prepared in 1930 to 1931, and 

 revised in 1936. In the years 1930 to 1936 a considera- 

 ble amount of new data was accumulated from the Pacif- 

 ic Ocean. This has not been incorporated in the present 

 discussion, since such procedure would have altered the 

 entire plan of the publication. The only chapter which 

 has been rewritten to some extent is the one dealing with 

 the origin of the deep water of the Pacific, because re- 

 cent information as to the circulation around the Antarc- 

 tic Continent has thrown considerably more light on this 

 question and has made more definite conclusions possible. 



The writer takes great pleasure in acknow'edging 

 the assistance which he has received from members of 

 the staff of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, 

 especially from C. C. Ennis, who undertook a great 

 number of the computations, prepared all figures, and 

 in the course of this work made a number of valuable 

 suggestions. 



It will be readily realized that the careful reduction 

 of the extensive observations made during the cruise is 

 of paramount importance in any discussion of the re- 

 sults within physical oceanography. The original com- 

 putations, compilations, and graphs of this observed 

 material were completed under the general direction of 

 J. A. Fleming by Martha W. Ennis, C. C. Ennis, W. C. 

 Hendrix, and S. L. Seaton, Jr. It will be realized that in 

 the course of this work they all made valuable sugges- 

 tions which have been incorporated and made use of in 

 the present discussion. It will be noted that the general 

 results of the discussion are represented in figures 1 

 to 38 which follow the text. The graphs of observational 

 material above referred to are independently numbered 

 as figures 1 to 254 and are reproduced in Oceanography 

 I-B. In the text the graphs are referred to as, for ex- 

 ample, (fig. 1, I-B). 



THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 



Temperature, Salinity, and Density 



The physical oceanography of the North Atlantic 

 Ocean has been treated by several authors (Jacobsen, 

 1929: Helland-Hansen, 1930: Helland-Hansen and Nan- 

 sen, 1926; and Wiist, 1928) on the basis of modern ob- 

 servations. In the following discussion it will be shown 

 that the results of the Carnegie observations on the 

 whole are in agreement with the previous conceptions as 

 to the physical properties of the waters of the North At- 

 lantic and as to the character of the circulation. Details 

 will be given in only a few cases in which the Carnegie 

 observations throw more light on the problems. 



Temperature and SaUnity, Stations 1 to 12. - -The 

 distances between stations 1 to 12 are so great that the 

 results cannot be used for construction of sections: 

 therefore, the data from the single stations will be dis- 

 cussed separately. Station 1 was in the region of the 

 warm water of the Gulf Stream. The vertical distribu- 

 tion of salinity and temperature was very much like the 

 distribution at station 16, which is located in nearly the 

 same latitude but 21° farther east. Even the vertical 

 changes of pH and PO4 were similar at the two stations. 



Station 2 reached to 400 meters only, and down to 

 this depth there existed a striking similarity to station 

 15, which was taken in nearly the same locality three 

 months later. It should be noted that the distance to sta- 

 tion 16 from station 15 is not much greater but at this 

 station the conditions in the upper 400 meters deviated 

 considerably from those at station 2. 



The distances between stations 3, 4, and 5 are small, 

 nevertheless the vertical distribution of temperature and 

 salinity at these stations differed considerably. Station 

 4 reached to 300 meters only, and down to that depth 

 showed lower temperatures and lower salinities than the 

 two neighboring stations. The difference between sta- 

 tions 3 and 5 was especially great at the depths between 



500 and 1500 meters, where the temperature and salinity 

 were higher at station 5 thanat station 3. Thedifferences 

 in the density, crt, therefore, had a maximum at about 

 700 meters, as shown in table 1. 



Station 6, which is located to the southwest of Ire- 

 land, showed still higher temperatures and salinities at 

 depths 1000 and 1500 meters. The temperature and sa- 

 linity at 1000 meters, 8°50 and 35.52 per mille, respec- 

 tively, appear very high, but the Michael Sars, station 

 93, (Helland-Hansen, 1930) gave 8°27 and 35.47 per 

 mille on July 25, 1910 in nearly the same locality. 



Stations 7 and 8 are located to the east-southeast of 

 Iceland; the former on the Iceland-Faroe Ridge, the lat- 

 ter on the shelf surrounding Iceland. At the latter sta- 

 tion water of Atlantic character--high temperature and 

 high salinity- -was found to a depth of more than 700 

 meters, whereas at the former the Atlantic water 

 reached from the surface down to 200 meters, but the 

 characteristic water of the Norwegian Sea was met with 

 at the bottom, 454 meters. 



Table 1. Comparison of values of density, fft, 

 at Carnegie stations 3 and 5, 1£28 



83 



