92 



OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS IN PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 



Schott and Schu is of the same order as at the 100-meter 

 level and the greatest deviations are found, as previous- 

 ly, where strong currents prevail. 



The character of the salinity distribution (fig. 224; 

 I-B) is not much changed except that the difference be- 

 tween the conditions in the northern and southern parts 

 of the ocean is more prominent. In the Northern Hemi- 

 sphere salinities above 35 per mille occur only within a 

 narrow strip where the temperature exceeds 20°, 

 whereas in the Southern Hemisphere salinities above 35 

 per mille are found over a wide area stretching toward 

 the east into regions where the temperature is consider- 

 ably lower than 20°. Here isolated areas with a salinity 

 above 36 per mille are present. Off the coast of Chile 

 we find a tongue of low salinity in the region where a 

 corresponding tongue of low temperature is present. 



Three hundred-meter level. --At this level we find, 

 principally, the same distribution of temperature (fig. 

 213; I-B) as at 200 meters. The two belts of low tem- 

 peratures on both sides of the equator and the high tem- 

 peratures between them appear more clearly, and the 

 tongue of low temperatures off the Peruvian coast has 

 moved somewhat farther south. The warm-water accu- 

 mulations in both hemispheres are more clearly sepa- 

 rated. 



The distribution of salinity (fig. 225; I-B) is more 

 uniform than at higher levels. In the Northern Hemi- 

 sphere the accumulation of water of high salinity is seen 

 in the eastern part only, but the values do not exceed 

 34.7 per mille. In the Southern Hemisphere the accumu- 

 lation of very salty water is still fairly well developed 

 with values above 35 per mille in a wide region. 



In both hemispheres tongues of low salinity pene- 

 trate toward the equator in the western part of the ocean. 

 In the Northern Hemisphere the tongue nearly coincides 

 with a corresponding tongue of low temperatures, but in 

 the Southern, the low salinities are found considerably 

 more to the south than the low temperatures. 



Four hundred-meter level. --The temperature dis- 

 tribution (fig. 214; I-B) is principally the same as at 300 

 meters, but the differences between the values in differ- 

 ent parts of the ocean are smaller. At this level a con- 

 nection is clearly seen between the two equatorial belts 

 of low temperature and the tongue of low temperature in 

 the western part of the ocean. The discrepancies be- 

 tween the Carnegie data and the Schott-Schu chart are of 

 the same character as previously. 



The salinity distribution (fig. 226; I-B) also shows 

 the same features as at 300 meters, but now only traces 

 of the accumulation of water of high salinity are present, 

 and the tongues of water of low salinity on the western 

 side of the ocean are still more pronounced. 



Five hundred-meter level. --Here we find again a 

 similar distribution of temperature (fig. 215; I-B), but 

 the high temperatures at the equator appear more clear- 

 ly and to the north of the equator we find alternating high 

 and low temperatures where, at higher levels, there was 

 a belt of low temperatures only. The highest tempera- 

 tures are found in the Northern Hemisphere where there 

 are values above 10° in the eastern part of the ocean. 



The distribution of salinity (fig. 227; I-B), on the 

 other hand, is much changed as compared with the dis- 

 tribution at higher levels. At 500 meters we find no 

 trace of accumulations of water of high salinity in ei- 

 ther hemisphere, but the maximum values are found 

 along the equator where, however, they remain lower 

 than 34.65 per mille. The tongues of low salinity on the 



western side of the ocean are still present, and in the 

 Northern Hemisphere salinities lower than 34.1 per 

 mille appear to be characteristic of the entire central 

 part of the North Pacific. 



Seven hundred-meter level. --Here the temperature 

 contrasts (fig. 216: I-B) are still smaller, but the char- 

 acter of distribution is not much changed. Traces of 

 the warm-water accumulations are still seen in both 

 hemispheres, and the characteristic tongues of low tem- 

 peratures at the western side of the ocean can be fol- 

 lowed. 



At this level the highest salinities (fig. 228; I-B) are 

 also found at the equator, but the values nowhere exceed 

 34.60 per mille. In the Southern Hemisphere a tongue of 

 low salinity is still present at the western side of the 

 ocean, but in the Northern Hemisphere the correspond- 

 ing tongue has disappeared and the lowest values are 

 found in the central part of the North Pacific. 



One thousand-meter level. --At this level a consid- 

 erable change in the character of the temperature dis- 

 tribution (fig. 217; I-B) has taken place. In the equato- 

 rial regio''. we find alternating strips of low and high 

 temperatures. In the Northern Hemisphere the temper- 

 ature decreases fairly regularly toward the north, but 

 now there are high temperatures off the coast of Cali- 

 fornia, where at higher levels low temperatures prevail. 

 In the Southern Hemisphere the tongue of low tempera- 

 ture in the western part of the ocean is still present, but 

 it has been displaced somewhat to the south. 



At this and lower levels the charts by Schott and 

 Schu show higher temperatures, on the whole, than do 

 the Carnegie observations. Detailed comparison is of 

 minor interest because the data on which the charts are 

 based are less accurate than the Carnegie observations. 

 The distribution of the salinity (fig. 229; I-B) is very 

 similar to the distribution at 700 meters, but the con- 

 trasts are smaller and the maximum values in the vi- 

 cinity of the equator are also smaller. 



Fifteen hundred-meter level. --Here the tempera- 

 ture distribution (fig. 218; I-B) in the Northern Hemi- 

 sphere has the same character as at 1000 meters, but 

 in the Southern Hemisphere the characteristic tongue of 

 low temperatures has disappeared, and instead, a tongue 

 of high temperature stretches toward the south in longi- 

 tude 95° west. As to the distribution of the salinity (fig. 

 230; I-B), the maximum values are still found in the 

 equatorial region and are now slightly above 34.6 per 

 mille and the low values in the central part of the North 

 Pacific have almost disappeared. 



Two thousand-meter level. --The temperature dis- 

 tribution here (fig. 219; I-B) is similar to the distribu- 

 tion at 1500 meters, but the contrasts are smaller. The 

 highest temperatures, above 2.°3, are found near the 

 equator, whereas the lowest values, l.°8, are directly to 

 the south of Bering Sea. The salinity (fig. 231; I-B) is 

 higher than at 1500 meters. Values below 34.6 per 

 mille are found off the coast of Chile, in a limited area 

 near the Samoan Islands, and in the greater part of the 

 North Pacific. 



Twenty-five hundred-meter level . --At this level the 

 temperature distribution (fig. 220; I-B) shows new and 

 interesting features. Temperatures above l.°9 are found 

 in the vicinity of the equator and in the southern part of 

 the South Pacific, whereas in the northern part of the 

 South Pacific temperatures slightly below l.°9 appear to 

 prevail. In the North Pacific an area with temperatures 

 below l.°7 covers the northern part, but in the Gulf of 



