1 92 1.] R. J. TiLYARD : Epiophlcbia laidlawi. 103 



distinctly narrower and longer ones ; in text-fig. 2c, two of the 

 former and only one of the latter are shown. The minor folds al- 

 ternate, as usual, with the major, and the two types of major 

 folds also alternate with one another. Each major fold carries 

 from four to six, or even in one case, seven teeth, the usual num- 

 ber being five. Each minor fold carries from two to four teeth only, 

 the usual number being two. The teeth are placed irregularly on the 

 fold, those of the broader major folds tending to become grouped 

 close together, while those of the narrower tend to become ar- 

 ranged into a single longitudinal line. The teeth are subconical, 

 set on fairly broad bases, and having their apices somewhat hooked. 



It will be seen that this type of gizzard comes closest to the 

 more generalised tj'pe of sixteen-folded gizzard, which is found in 

 the Calopterygidae and the older sub-families of the Agrionidae. 

 The folds are, however, more reduced than in the generalised type 

 and carry a much smaller number of teeth ; in this respect the giz- 

 zard shows some affinity with that of the Synlestinae, though this 

 latter has undergone reduction to a total number of eight folds. 

 One might also see some affinity with the eight-fold gizzard of the 

 Petalurinae, in which the reduction of the individual folds has 

 proceeded even further, there being seldom more than two teeth on 

 any given fold. 



The structure of the rectum could not be studied, as it had been 

 removed. In his notes, Mr. Laidlaw remarks : " I have failed to 

 make any satisfactory preparation of the rectum." 



Type. — Specimen No. 1448/H2 in the collection of the Indian 

 ^luseum at Calcutta. 



Habitat. — Rapidly running stream, 7000 feet alcove sea-level, 

 between Ghum and Sonada, Darjiling district, Himalya Mountains. 



Discussion of the systematic position of the larva. 



In dealing with this problem, we may begin by listing those 

 characters which appear to be Anisopterous into one column, and 

 then arranging in another column those characters which appear 

 to be Zygopterous. We then get the following result : — 



Anisopterous Characters. Zygopterous Characters. 



General build and facies of the Wing-venation. 



larva. Gizzard. 



Labial mask. 

 Anal appendages. 



In addition to these, we may say that the characters offered 

 by the antennae and legs do not incline us perceptibly towards 

 the one Suborder more than the other. 



Bearing in mind the fact that the Petalurinae alone of all 

 known Anisopterous types possesses a gizzard of eight folds, while 

 all the rest of the Anisoptera have only four, I have always been 

 prepared to admit the likelihood of eight folds occuring in the 

 gizzard of the so far undiscovered larva of the Chlorogomphinae, 



