XXVIII. THE AQUATIC AND AMPHIBIOUS 

 MOLLUSCA OF MANIPUR. 



By N. Annandale, D.Sc, F.A.S.B., Director, B. Prashad, D.Sc, 



Assistant Superintendent, and Amin-ud-Din, M.Sc.. Research 



Assistant, Zoological Sitrvey of India. 



(Plates IV— VIII.) 



Prefatory Note. 



The following paper is based on a visit to the Manipur Valley 

 paid in February and March, 1920. The party consisted of myself, 

 Mr. Sunder Lai Hora and Mr. Amin-ud-Din, Research Assistants, 

 and Mr. R. Hodgart, Zoological Collector. I was able, however, to 

 spend only a short time in the valley myself and was obliged, in 

 order to save time, to travel there and back by motor, while the 

 others made short marches and collected on the way. Mr. Sunder 

 I,al Hora, moreover, remained in Manipur for three weeks longer 

 than the others and visited every part of the valley. A large pro- 

 jiortion of the collections is therefore due to his energ}'. He has 

 himself published an account of the fish-fauna, in which he was 

 particularly interested. 



I have to thank His Highness the Maharajah of Manipur for 

 inviting me to visit his State in the interests of science and for 

 having a special camp put up for our use on Thanga I. in the Loktak 

 Lake. I must also express my obligations to Mr. C. W. R. Cosgrave, 

 I.C.S., at the time Political Agent, who gave us help in many 

 ways. To Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin- Austen, F.R.S., I am indebted 

 for much advice and assistance. The specimens collected by him 

 in Manipur more than fifty years ago and now in the Indian 

 Museum have proved verj' useful in the preparation of this paper 



N. Annandale. 

 Contents. 



Introduction. By i\. .Annandale ... ... •■ P- 53o 



The Prosobranchia. By N. .\nnandalf ... ... ... p. 53S 



Fani. Hydrobiidae ... ... ... ... p- 539 



Fam. Viviparidae ... ... ... .. P- S-l.'i 



Fam. Ampullariidae .. P- 557 



Fam. Mulaniidae . . ... P- 55^ 



The Aquatic Pubiionata. By N. .\nnandalc ,ind B. Prashad P- 565 



Fam. l.imnaeidae ... P- 5^5 



Fam. Planorbidae ... ... p. 577 



F'am. .\ncylidae ... ... P- 5^7 



The Amphibious Pulmonata (Succinoidai-). By .Vmin-ud-Hiii ... p. 592 



The Pelccypoda. By B. Prashad .. .. p. 602 



Fam. Unionidae . ... p. 602 



Fam. Cyrenidae p. 612 



(ieographical Oi';tribution and Bionomics. By .\. .\nnandale p. 619 



