APPENDIX A LXIX 



and Cambridge, more particularly the former, rather than those of 

 Germany, in the part they should play in national life, and that 

 the liter œ .humaniores constituted the only subjects worthy of the 

 attention of a great university. This had its effect in delaying the 

 recognition of research in our universities which are, in this respect, 

 to-day far behind those of the United States. The latter have de- 

 veloped very largely along the lines of those of Germany and because 

 of the large endowments at their disposal, and because, also, of the 

 recognition on all sides in that country of the part that research is 

 bound to play in national development, will soon become, if they do not 

 so rank already, the greatest universities of the world. This trend of 

 university development in the United States cannot be explained 

 as due to the fact that many of the American universities are older 

 than our own, for research, except in the case of Johns Hopkins, did 

 not enter to any notable degree into their activities until after 1890. 

 Their faculties in the "eighties" were being recruited from graduates of 

 German universities and from Americans who had studied in German 

 universities, and thus the leaven of research began to ferment not 

 only in the universities, but in the industries, which in this respect, 

 when the war began, were not very far behind those of Germany. 

 There are over fifty great industrial establishments in the United 

 States which expend annually for research amounts ranging from 

 $50,000 to $500,000, and one of these employs constantly a staff of 

 150 to conduct research in pure and applied science.^ 



When the universities of a nation become permeated with the 

 research spirit, as in Germany and the United States, its industries 

 become endowed with it also. What seems to be clearly indicated by 

 this is that, if the British Empire is to organize its industries on the 

 research basis, it must promote research first in its universities, and, 

 apparently, on the German plan, as the example of the American 

 universities seems to demonstrate. 



I hope that no one will suppose for a moment that I am an un- 

 critical or ardent admirer of the German university. It has faults, 

 some of them very grave, one of which is that its professors are but 

 in effect civil servants, and they are, accordingly, at the nod and beck 

 of an autocratic government, whose word may be academic life or death 

 to a teacher. This explains the egregious folly of the manifesto 

 of ninety-three professors, who, immediately after the outbreak of the 

 war, fulminated against Great Britain for entering the lists against 

 Germany. 



\Iournal of The British Science Guild for June, 1916, p. 25; also: Science and 

 Industry, Industrial Research in the United States, by A. P. M. Fleming, published 

 for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, l')17. 



