2 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



still awaiting their complete habilitation. Zoology, it is true, had 

 developed in Cuvier's doctrine of types, a fundamental principle; but 

 this made only for its greater isolation and widened the gap that 

 separated it from Geology; furthermore, the acceptance of Lyell's 

 uniformitarianism carried wit4i it the separation of Palaeontology from 

 Zoology and its affiliation with Geology. 



But, even in the cultivation of the various plots, which together 

 represented the territory properly pertaining to Zoology, there was a 

 lack of co-operation and organization. Zoology meant largely 

 what we now term systamatic zoology with some attention, however, 

 to the structure and life-histories of invertebrate animals. The 

 structure of vertebrates or, as it was termed. Comparative Anatomy, 

 was closely associated with Human Anatomy, and this owed its status 

 to its affiliation with Medicine, being hardly recognized as a cultural 

 study even long after Zoology had taken its place in the curricula of the 

 Faculties of Arts. Physiology, too, was a medical study and with 

 it, especially in England, were associated Histology and Vertebrate 

 Embryology, so that what was termed Zoolog}^ covered but a small 

 area of what is now included in the term, and its various sub-depart- 

 ments lacked any close bond of union. Indeed they were in some cases 

 altogether without contact. Some choice spirits there were, such as 

 Johannes Millier, Huxley, Milne-Edwards, Kolliker and Gegenbaur, 

 whose broader vision overleaped the artificial boundaries that had 

 been established, but those who composed the rank and file were 

 Zoologists, or Anatomists, or Physiologists, according as inclination 

 and opportunity determined. 



But with the aceptance of the doctrine of evolution which followed 

 the publication of "The Origin of Species" in 1859, all this was changed. 

 Zoology in its turn obtained a fundamental principle, a uniformit- 

 arianism which linked its various subdivisions. Vertebrates and 

 invertebrates could no longer be regarded as distinct departments of 

 study, they formed merely parts of the whole; systematic zoology 

 and comparative anatomy became merely methods by which the 

 operation of the evolutionary process might be studied, and embry- 

 ology, which revealed the operation of that process in the individual, 

 took on a greater interest and was united with the two older sub- 

 divisions to form a triad of interrelated studies, each contributing its 

 quota toward the solution of the great problem. Nor was this all; 

 the idea of descent with modification broke down the boundaries 

 between Anatomy and Physiology by emphasizing the correlation 

 between function and structure and, since it concerned Botany as well 

 as Zoology, the study of the basic principles of each became a pjedogo- 

 gical discipline under the term Biology, a term introduced by Trevir- 



