[king] frost in concrete STRUCTURES 119 



ated, creosoted pine represented by Specimen III. Allowing a liberal 

 factor of safety 3, we conclude that a facing of 3-inch creosoted pine 

 will serve as ample protection against repeated freezing and thawing 

 in a concrete structure exposed to tidal action in the circumstances 

 mentioned. 



Since the data of the test just described, the writer is informed 

 by Sir John Kennedy that this method of protection has been found 

 to be entirely successful in its application to concrete wharf construc- 

 tion. The problem and its solution acquires an additional interest 

 to-day in view of the large number of concrete ships which are being 

 built. If intended for navigation in latitudes where the WMnter is 

 severe, the question of protection against possible disintegration 

 through the action of freezing and thawing as the ship is loaded and 

 unloaded and subjected to the action of waves is one which should 

 be carefully considered by designers and builders. The same remark 

 applies to the possible deleterious effect of sea-water on concrete.^ 

 If trouble should arise from either of these causes, it may be found 

 that a sheathing of water-soaked or creosote-impregnated wood may 

 give the protection desired. 



Un this connection see a paper by Professor H. T. Creighton, of Swarthmore 

 College, "The Deterioriating Action of Salt and Brine on Reinforced Concrete," 

 Journal of the Franklin Institute, Vol. 184, pp. 689-704, 1917. 



