[CAMERON] THE HUMA^f SKULL 165 



noted. I found 11 cm. to be the average length of the glabella- 

 bregma chord recorded by Biichner^ for modern European skulls 

 (the same as my Canadian average), and I was much interested to 

 find that on measuring it in Smith Woodward's first reproduction of 

 the Piltdown cranium the chord was found to be 11-3 cm.^ It is 

 evident, then, that this chord has remained almost stationary in length 

 since the time of Piltdown man. Moreover it is interesting to note that 

 the chord length in such an ancient type as Cro-magnon man reached 

 the high total of 12-3 cm. according to the measurements of Schwalbe^ 

 and Klaatsch,** which was thus decidedly better than the average of 

 modern white races. It will be noted from a study of Fig. 7 that 

 there is a profound diff^erence between the curvature of the frontal 

 cranial arc in the Java skull, and those of the Piltdown and modern 

 skulls. In Pithecanthropus the curvature is shown to be divided up 

 very definitely by the chord into two parts, termed by Schwalbe^ 

 the glabellar and cerebral portions, the extent of the latter being 

 m.ore than twice that of the former. The maximum distance of the 

 cerebral portion of the arc from the chord in the Java skull was esti- 

 mated by Klaatsch* as 7 mm. (the line AC). In the Piltdown and 

 modern crania the glabellar part has become merged into the cerebral 

 portion to a marked degree, the maximum distance between the arc 

 and the chord in both the Piltdown and the modern skull (the lines AC) 

 having increased to 25 mm. that is to say three and one half times 

 the distance. When one considers the concomitant expansion that 

 has been taking place on each side of the mesial plane, it will be 

 recognized that the result is a very considerable further addition to 

 the capacity of the frontal region of the cranium. It is moreover 

 interesting to compare the above maximum distances with those that 

 were found by the writer^ in two Melanesian skulls where the measure- 

 ments were 13-5 and 14 mm., which it may be noted are little more 

 than half of those in the Piltdown and modern crania. Contrast 

 these results still further with 18-8 and 19-6 mm. which were the 



1 Proc. Royal Soc. Edin. Vol. XXXIV, 1913-14. 



^ The measurements of the various chords of the Piltdown model will have to 

 be accepted as approximate owing to the difficulty in determining the exact positions 

 of the Bregma and Lambda. Fortunately, however, this drawback does not detract 

 from the main conclusions, that all the cranial curvatures and chords of the Pilt- 

 down skull were found without exception to be within the range of variation of these 

 for the modern European type of skull. 



^ Zeitschrift fiir Morph, und Anthrop., May. 1906. 



^ Ergebrisse der Anat. und Entwick. (M. & B.). Vol. XII, 1903. 



^ Der Neanderthalschadel, Bonner Jahrbiicher, 1901. 



' op. cit. 



