182 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



type of forehead having been effected by increasing the size of the 

 bregmatic angle. 



9. The frontal cranial arc and chord, the parietal cranial arc and 

 chord and the lambda-inion curvature and chord of the Piltdown 

 cranium are not only within the range of variation, but are prac- 

 tically the same as those of the modern European type of skull. In 

 fact all the linear and angular measurements of the Piltdown cranium 

 are practically the same as those of the modern European skull with 

 the exception of the bregmatic angle; and I consider that Smith 

 Woodward has underestimated the size of this as well as the cranial 

 capacity in his first reconstruction. 



10. It is evident, then, that Piltdown man must have been the 

 ancestral type for the higher races of mankind, because there are 

 existing races of modern man in whom all the cranial measurements, 

 both linear and angular, are without exception found to compare 

 unfavourably (in the frontal segment particularly) with the stage of 

 evolutionary progress attained by him. 



11. A comparative study of the highest and lowest types of 

 modern man will be found to yield more valuable knowledge regarding 

 the evolution of the cranial roof than the Piltdown specimen, more 

 particularly with reference to the main direction in which the evolu- 

 tionary paths of both the brain and skull have chosen to go. 



12. It is difficult to accept the view that the Piltdown skull 

 which possesses an amount of frontal development far above that of 

 many modern races could lay claim to the low type of jaw accredited 

 to it. The writer is therefore inclined to support the recent opinion 

 of Miller who states that the characters of the jaw are such that it 

 could not have belonged to the skull but to a new species of anthropoid 

 ape named by him Pan veins. 



13. The shrinkage of the dental arcades and the reduction in the 

 size of the individual teeth have been the great factors in modelling 

 the facial portion of the human skull. 



14. In superimposing an average modern European type of 

 lower dental arch on the Piltdown dental arch it was found that the 

 former had in the first place to be enlarged in order to get any of the 

 teeth to coincide. It was then ascertained that the second molars 

 were the only ones that would thus coincide, all the other teeth being 

 placed at gradually increasing distances from one another. The 

 second molars thus appear to represent the fixed points from which 

 the alteration in the curve of the dental arch has proceeded. 



15. The teeth in microcephaly often present the most primitive 

 characters, so much so indeed in many cases that it is difficult to 



