102 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



but such liigh rock\^ craggj^ clifty Rockes and stony Isles," as Captain John Smith 

 described all this coast in 1614. But Indians place-names had to be in some 

 measure distinctive of the places they applied to. 



SuMM.^RY. — The name PENOBSCOT is of Penobscot Indian origin, a corruption 

 from an aboriginal form closely like PAN-A-WOPSK'-EK, which is composed of 

 the roots PAN-(A)-\V0PSK-ÊK, meaning literally OPENING OUT-ROCKS- 

 PLACE, or more generally, AT THE OPENING OUT OF THE ROCKS, in descrip- 

 tion of the broadening quiet basin above the rocky ledges at Oldtown. 



Pohenegamook. 



The name of a Lake in Quebec near to the place where the Quebec, Maine and 

 New Brunswick boundaries meet, its outlet forming the starting point for the 

 straight boundary running southwest between Quebec and Maine ; also a Township 

 of Quebec surrounding the Lake, and obviously named therefrom. 



The name of this Lake has, I find, a very curious origin, quite different from that 

 which one would suppose, as the following evidence will show. 



In the preceding paper of this series {these Transactions, VI, ii, 190), I showed 

 that the MaUseet-Penobscot Indian name of the Saint Francis River, which flows 

 from the lake in question, is PIJOONEGANUK, or, as it can also be written, almost 

 equally well, PECHENEGANOOK, and that this name appears for the Saint 

 Francis River as PE-CHE-NE-GA-MOOK in Greenleaf 's early list of Maine and New 

 Brunswick place-names {Moses Greenleaf, Maine's First Map-maker, 124) ; and I 

 stated that the M in this word was an obvious misprint for N. But I have since 

 found that this M appears also on Greenleaf 's maps, at least on those of 1822 and 1842, 

 which read PECHANEGAMOOK and PECHEENEGAMOOK. This form is also 

 on Bouchette's great map of 1831 as PECHENEGAMOOT, (the final T an obvious 

 misprint for K), which map, there is every reason to believe, used Greenleaf 's as 

 its original for this region. The M is therefore not a simple mis-print for N in 

 Greenleaf's map, as I thought, but was evidently written by him intentionally under 

 the impression that it was correct. But there can be no question, however, that he 

 had somehow fallen into an error on this point, since in every other feature his 

 word PECHANEGAMOOK is obviously identical with the PECHENEGANOOK 

 which we know, from ample other evidence, was the actual Indian name, with an 

 appropriate meaning (LONG PORTAGE RIVER), for this river. But the substi- 

 tution, evidently accidental in the first place, of M for N had a very curious and 

 important consequence, for it made the termination read GAMOOK, which is an 

 inseparable suffix meaning LAKE, as found in a great many Indian names of lakes 

 in Maine and New Brunswick, as shown, for example, in the names given by Hubbard 

 in his Woods and Lakes of Maine, and as will be demonstrated more fully in a later 

 number of this series. It would seem, therefore, to anyone acquainted at all with 

 names of places in this region that PECHEENEGAMOOK was really the name 

 of a lake, and if applied to a river, it was merely by extension from the lake it flows 

 from. Now no early printed map whatsoever that I can find in the many I have 

 examined, applies any name at all to this Lake, and the very earliest use I can find 

 of the word POHENEGAMOOK occurs in a reference to the survey of the river 

 made in 1841 by American surveyors in connection with the International Boundary, 

 where the lake is called LAKE POHENAGAMOOK (Reports in Richardson's 

 Messages and Papers of the Presidents, IV, 238), which appears on Graham's fine 

 map of this entire country made the next year, as POHENEGAMOOK, our present 

 form (copy in Moore's International Arbitrations, I, 149). Now I take it that the 

 surveyors of this river, finding no name attached to the lake on any of the earlier 



