[Bowman] FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES IN HISTORICAL SCIENCE 145 
never deceived me,” readily acknowledged on further question that he 
had other acquaintances whom he had never detected in a falsehood 
and who had never, to his knowledge, deceived him or any one else, 
and nevertheless he had little confidence in the correctness of their 
statements; and therefore his confidence in the individuals whom he 
held to be trustworthy could not in fact be due only to the absence in 
their case of a known attempt to deceive, or to a failure on his part to 
detect such individual in falsehood. Rather, this confidence, inspired 
and established on other, positive grounds, had simply not been broken 
by a subsequent falsehood or known attempt to deceive. 
The persons who gave answers of the first and second class were 
able also, when the point was raised, to give one or more characteristics 
which had led them to place confidence in the individual or individuals 
whom they held to be trustworthy. These persons, and indeed all of 
whom inquiry was made, were requested ultimately to select for con- 
sideration some particular individual whom they trusted, or if there 
-were several such, to consider them in turn, and to locate, in the 
character of each, specific features that had inspired confidence. For 
this reason most of the illustrative answers subsequently given in this 
section are expressed in a form which refers the characteristic to a 
particular individual, with whom they had once been or were still in 
actual intercourse; and the requisites for trustworthiness in the indi- 
vidual deduced from this test represent, therefore, not abstract ideals 
or fancied requirements concerning trustworthiness, but on the contrary, 
those requisites for trustworthiness which exist in actual fact and are 
enforced in individual experience. 
The characteristics thus cited by persons of whom inquiry was 
made may be classified in five general groups, which, for convenient 
identification henceforth in this paper, will be designated collectively 
as the five requisites for trustworthiness and severally as the first, 
second, third, fourth and fifth requisite respectively. 
These groups refer respectively to the following features of trusted 
individuals: 
1. His ability and competency in general and especially with 
respect to the intellectual equipment and habits necessary for 
ascertaining and conveying accurate information: there should be 
right discernment and clear statement. 
2. His fundamental attitude toward affairs in general and 
especially in any matter concerning which he makes a statement 
for the information of another: his interests in life should be 
fundamentally serious, and especially in making such a statement, 
there should be on his part a serious effort to inform the hearer solely 
according to the hearer’s interest in the matter. 
