[GANONG] INDIAN PLACE-NOMENCLATURE 181 
of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence of 1757, apparently taken from French sources with 
a simple misprint of H for U, was adopted naturally enough on the next chart of 
this region, that of DesBarres of 1777; and the great prominence of Des Barres’ 
chart, published in his superb work The Atlantic Neptune, fixed this aberrency of 
spelling as the standard form for charts not only with Des Barres’ immediate fol- 
lowers, but even down to this very day. Meantime various other English records 
have such forms as NIPISIQUID (1761, Collections, above-cited, IT, 1905, 365) and 
NEPISSEQUIT (op. cit. IT, 1899, 128). The earliest New Brunswick map on which 
the word occurs is Bonnor’s of 1820, (the first ever published of the Province as a 
unit), which has NEPISIGWET, while Lockwood’s fine map of the Province, of 
1826, has NEPISIGUIT, which was adopted by all the best maps thereafter,—by 
Baillie, 1831, by Wilkinson, 1859, by Loggie, 1885, and by the later sheets of the 
Geological Survey,—thus making it the standard form in New Brunswick. Occa- 
sionally, however, some map or document, influenced obviously by the illegitimate 
form of the charts, has NIPISIGHIT, or NIPISIGUIT; and among the more recent 
and prominent of these publications are those of the Geographic Board of Canada, 
which has, by some oversight, adopted the latter form. Yet the best New Brunswick 
usage for nearly a century, the earliest historical use in the French documents, 
and the principles of harmony of pronounciation (a diversity of vowels being easier 
to sound and more pleasing to hear than a monotony), all combine to establish 
NEPISIGUIT as the best form. 
ANALYSIS OF THe Worpd.—The Micmac Indians still living in New Brunswick, 
including a small settlement at the mouth of the River, all recognize the word as 
belonging to their tongue, and give its native form without hesitation. As I have 
taken it down at various times from different Indians, (quoting exactly my notes) 
this form is WIN-PEG-IJ’-A-WIT, or WIN-PAG-EEJ’-OO-IK, or WIN-PEG-I’- 
JOO-IK, the G being always hard. Rand, the eminent Micmac scholar, gives the 
forms WINPEGIJ’OOIK (First Reading Book in the Micmac Language, 84), and 
WINEPUGIJOITK . (Micmac-English Dictionary, 192). These forms are all so 
closely alike as to make it certain that we possess the aboriginal form of the word, 
which may best be expressed, in a standard spelling, as WIN-PEG-IJ’-OO-IK, the 
G of course being sounded hard. Comparing, now, this form with that of the Jesuit 
Fathers, it is evident that the differences consist only in minor features. Thus, the 
early French NEPEGIGOOIT omits the preliminary vowel sound expressed by 
WI, a very natural result of the tendency to abbreviation in actual use, but inter- 
polates a separative E between the N and P, which the Indians themselves must 
sometimes do, as one of Rand’s forms, above cited, clearly shows. But the most 
important difference consists in the transposition of the hard and soft sounds of the 
G and J. Such transposition, however, is easy and common enough, and, once 
adopted by some ea ‘ly authority, is followed without question by all others there- 
after. We have a consp'cuous modern example of the same phenonenon in another 
part of this very same word, for Cooney, in his History of Northern New Brunswick 
and Gaspé, of 1832 (page 190), gives the Indian form of the word as WINKAPIGU- 
WICK, transposing the P and the first G sounds, and his form has been followed 
by later writers, e.g., by Gesner (New Brunswick, 197) by Lanman (Adventures in 
the Wilds of the British American Provinces, II, 25) by Dionne (Le Canada Français, 
II, 527) and doubtless by others. The use of a final locative T instead of K is due 
to confusion of the two very similar sounds. 
Turning now to the meaning of the word, the Indians again are in agreement. 
One of the prominent Micmacs gave it to me as VERY CROSS RIVER, in the sense 
of “bad tempered,” as I have noted in these Transactions, II, 1896, ii, 256. Rand 
