184 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
THE RIVER THAT DASHES ROUGHLY ALONG, in description of the torrential 
character of the lower course of the river. 
Kouchibouguac. 
A. Of Kent County, New Brunswick. 
LOCATION AND APPLICATION.—The name of a minor River in Eastern New 
Brunswick, flowing into Northumberland Strait between Miramichi and Richibucto 
from the west-southwest; also a village near its mouth. A few miles south of it, and 
parallel, is the Kouchibouguacis, a river of about the same size. There is also 
another very much smaller river of the same name in southern New Brunswick 
flowing northward into Northumberland Strait between Shediac and Baie Verte; 
but this is considered separately below. 
The word is pronounced in educational and cultivated circles very much as it 
is spelled, or, more exactly, like KOOSH-A-BOO-KW ACW’, but the local pronuncia- 
tion is distinctly KISH-BE-KWACK’, or, occasionally, KISH-IM-BE-KWACK’; 
while Kouchibouguacis is KISH-BE-KWAY’-SIS. It is called by the French 
KAGIBOUGUET or KAGIBOUGUETTE. 
History oF THE Worp.—It makes its earliest known appearance in 1685 in the 
form PEGIBOUGOI (the first G of course soft), on the fine map prepared by the 
Recollect Father Jumeau who knew this region well (these Transactions, III, 1897, 
ii, 363, and the Champlain Society’s edition of Father le Clereq’s New Relation, 
opposite page 10). This form was adopted, with the slight alteration to PEGIBOU- 
GOY, the next year (1686) on the great Franquelin-de Meulles map (these Trans- 
actions, III, 1897, ii, 364); and as that map became the original for all the later 
French maps of this region, it reappears continuously on the latter, and upon English 
maps which copy them, though commonly misprinted to PIPIBOUGOI, and even 
to PIPIBUS (these Transactions, III, 1897, ii, 373, 375, 378, 379, 392). Its first use 
in modern records occurs, so far as I can find, in a document of 1793, in the Crown 
Land Office at Fredericton, as PISBYQUASIS (for Kouchibouguacis), while 
PISSABEGUAKE occurs in 1803 in the Winslow Papers (499), PICHIBOUGUACK 
in one of the Land Memorials of 1803, PASSIBIGUAC in another of 1812, and 
PICHIBOUQUACK on a plan of 1815. In all of these forms, taken down by English 
surveyors and settlers, the word begins with P, exactly as in the earliest French 
form, but this plan of 1815 is the last place in which I find it. Meantime a form of the 
word beginning with K had come into use, apparently originating with the Acadian 
settlers, for to this day they pronounce the word in the form KAGIBOUGUETTE, 
which form is at least as old as 1812, when it occurs, as KIGIBOUGUET, in the 
Journal of Bishop Plessis (Le Foyer Canadien, 1865, 180). There is some evidence 
of the use of the form in documents of 1763 cited by Rameau de Saint Pére in his 
Colonie Féodale, though this may be result of editorial interpolation; and it occurs, 
partially at least, in the form CHISHIBOUW ACK, used in 1761 by Gamaliel Smet- 
hurst, in his vivid account of his adventurous voyage along this coast, a form 
obviously taken from his Acadian guides (Collections of the New Brunswick Historical 
Society, IT, 1905, 383). In English records the K first appears in 1800 in the form 
KOUCHIBOUGUACSIS, on a fine survey plan by Watson, preserved in the Crown 
Land Office at Fredericton. This form of the word is obviously identical in sub- 
stance with that used by the other English surveyors as noted above, excepting 
only that the sound KOU replaces the PI; and this sound was adopted by Watson, 
