EATON] THE SETTLING OF COLCHESTER COUNTY 237 
from Seotch, has had a marked influence on the destines of America 
for the past two hundred years. How the Ulster Scotsman differs 
and has always differed from the Celtic Clansman of the O’Neill, whom 
he supplanted, is not difficult to describe, the Belfast Orangeman of 
to-day and the Roman Catholic Celt of Ireland’s south and west both 
retain in a marked degree the characteristics of the ancestors from 
whom they come; but how the Ulster Scotsman differs from the un- 
migrated Scot is not perhaps so easy to explain. Yet in the Scotsman 
of Ireland some change from the original Scottish character has taken 
place that has always made him, both at home and on this side of the 
water, a little different from his brother on the east of the Irish Sea.1 
The migration of Ulster Scotsmen to America began as early as 
1636. Persecution of Presbyterians by the Bishops of the Anglican 
Church early led some, including a few able ministers, to migrate to 
Boston, where through the influence of the Rev. Cotton Mather they 
were kindly received. But with the death of Queen Anne in 1714 and 
the accession of George I, a wider migration began. The causes of 
this migration, as summarized by Hanna in his “Scotch-Irish or the 
Scot in North Britain, North Ireland, and North America,” were 
religious persecution by the bishops, and enforced payment of tithes 
to the Anglican clergy; a system of oppressive landlordism, which 
served to discourage thrift and enterprise; and prohibitory discrimina- 
tion against the trade and manufactures of Ulster in favour of those of 
England. These, Hanna, says, were substantially the causes assigned 
by the Derry and Antrim emigrants to Boston in 1718, as well as by 
the great body of those who left Ulster between 1720 and 1730 for other 
parts of the American Continent. From 1714 until late in the eight- 
eenth century, a constant stream of Ulster Scotsmen flowed into the 
American Colonies, until, it is estimated, a third of the population of 
this great Irish province had crossed the Atlantic and settled in New 
England, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, and the Carolinas. Of 
these migrating Ulster Scotsmen by far the greater number landed on 
the Delaware shore; but most of the passenger ships sailing from Ire- 
land during the eighteenth century, as Hanna tells us “were bound 
for ports in the Quaker colony. Pennsylvania thus became the centre 
of the Presbyterian settlements in the New World, and from that 

1“The Scotch-Irish, as they were called, . . . were a hardy, brave, hot- 
headed race; excitable in temper, unrestrainable in passion, invincible in prejudice. 
Their hand opened as impetuously to a friend as it clenched against an enemy. 
They loathed the pope as sincerely as they venerated Calvin or Knox.” 
Winthrop Sargent in “The History of an Expedition against Fort DuQuesne, 
in 1755, under Major-General Edward Braddock,” page 77 (Philadelphia, 1855). 
