LXVIII THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
for this degree are in the main immature, and the problems assigned 
to them are usually isolated and fragmentary. The distinguished 
President of the Carnegie Institution, Dr. Woodward, speaks of 
“the elementary notion that research means that modicum of in- 
vestigation which leads to higher academic degrees;’’ and elsewhere 
says “productive research, like any other constructive work, requires 
arduous, persistent and above all sustained effort under the direction 
of disciplined experts.” The test which regulations for the degree 
of Ph.D. impose is surely intended rather to determine the individual’s 
capacity for independent thought, his aptitude for entering upon a 
career of research, or, if he is to become a teaching professor, his 
capacity for making a given subject his own, so that he will not be, 
before his classes, merely a servile reproducer of text-books. Such 
research, therefore, as is undertaken for the doctor’s degree must 
be regarded as a most valuable part of the student’s education, and as 
a new phase of his education; but when we seek for answers to the 
enquiry how is science to be advanced, we must in general look else- 
where. In our universities we may foster literary production and the 
progress of science by granting relief from teaching to those professors 
who have aptitude and inclination for authorship or for scientific 
research. I have always believed, however, that there is more hope 
for scientific advancement in the creation of separate institutions 
devoted to that purpose. In this connection I wish to refer with 
some detail to two institutions which of recent years have been 
founded in the United States,—the Carnegie Institution of Washing- 
ton and the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research of New York. 
That they are commonly regarded as the best endowed and most im- 
portant research institutions in the world is my apology for holding 
them up as ideals to the Canadian public. 
The Carnegie Institution was founded in 1902, and has a present 
endowment of twenty-two million dollars, yielding an annual interest 
of five per cent. The object of the institution is “to encourage, in 
the broadest and most liberal manner, research and discovery and the 
application of knowledge to the improvement of mankind.” It has 
developed three principal agencies to advance these objects: (1) It 
has established departments of research within the Institution itself, 
to attack Jarge problems requiring several investigators, special 
equipment.and continuous effort; (2) It provides means to enable 
individuals to carry on less important investigations outside the 
Institution; (3) It publishes the results of the researches coming from 
the two preceding agencies. It has thus far established eleven of these 
larger departments of research. I proceed to state what these are, and 
to refer to some of the problems with which they are occupied: 
