110 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
The following table gives the prices per pound of bread in Toronto 
and in London, England: 
Toronto London 
cents cents 
July, LOL ENT RATE CARE ER 33 to 4 23 
September LOS beat bee se oe 33 Ord M 3 
December, 1914........ UE PP A 33 to 4 So 
Rebelle at aoe aco eee 4 3 
April, NOMS eer SU Hp Een 4 4 
June, LOS RES DR 4 4} 
October MOTOS ER ES RS PURE 3 32 to4 
Wecember, WON) Vis ree ARE 33 4 to 44 
anny TOC ware. RO a pee 33 to 4 AL 
Bel niiar LOG rte 33 to 4 + to 43 
March, WONG ET ata RU Pee he: 33 + to 43 
In the first seven months of 1914 freight rates on wheat from 
New York to Liverpool varied from 2-75 cents to 5-50 cents per bushel; 
during August and September, 1914, they were 6-0 cents; in October, 
they increased to 8 cents. A gradual increase then took place, reach- 
ing 18 cents by the end of December. During the months of January 
to August, 1915, inclusive, they ranged from 18 to 24 cents. In Sept- 
ember another increase started and during the last four months of 
1915 they ranged from 24-30 cents to 40-60 cents. The average rate 
from New York was as follows: for the year 1912, 7-54 cents; for 
1913, 5-54 cents; for 1914, 6-17 cents, and for 1915, 27-05 cents. 
At the end of December, 1915, the rate was 40-6 cents. At the same 
time the rate from India was 88 to 95 cents; from the Argentine, 
about 90 cents; and from Australia 50 cents for sailing vessels and 72 
cents for steamers. (See Agricultural War Book, 1916, pp. 156-8.) 
HISTORY OF RED FIFE AND MARQUIS WHEATS 
In October, 1860, a Wisconsin farmer, J. W. Clarke, wrote 
a letter to “The Country Gentleman and Cultivator” calling at- 
tention to the high qualities of Red Fife wheat, and the success 
he had had in growing it. In that year his crop averaged thirty- 
six bushels to the acre, and he recommended it to replace winter 
wheat. He referred to its originator, Mr. David Fife, of Otonabee, 
Canada West. “The Canadian Agriculturist’’ reproduced Mr. 
Clarke’s letter, and added an account of the origin of the Red Fife 
wheat, written by Mr. George Esson, a neighbor of Mr. Fife. The 
Fifes and the Essons came from Kincardine, Parish of Tullyallen, 
