48 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
whole chief mass. The lenticular shape was therefore original and 
not due to melting conditions. 
The zonation ceased in its outer layers to be concentric and became 
radiate. The consequent radiate structure was connected with 
the further and most striking feature presented by the hailstones under 
discussion, namely, that: 
4. From the chief mass there extended a number of radiating 
arms like the Spokes of a wheel (figures 4, 6,8). Regarding these as 
primary, there might also be a number of secondary arms, or better, 
mammillae. 
The structure of the radiating arms was perfectly apparent 
in the case represented by figure 6, which was studied as carefully 
as possible under strong transmitted light. Briefly stated, the struc- 
ture recalled that of an icicle. A central core of vesicular ice connect- 
ing with, and constituting the radiating arms of, the zonate interior 
of the chief mass, could be clearly seen extending to, or near to, the 
apex of each arm (figure 6, a-c). The total structure was of cone-in- 
cone, roughly symmetrical with reference to the axis. 
When only two arms were present the whole hailstone might 
have the form of a spindle with a spheroidal mass at the middle. A 
superficially similar case is recorded to have fallen at Bonn in 1822. 
The figure! shows that the arms had a transverse zonation and appear 
to have been merely the unmelted parts of an original sphere with 
marked concentric zonation. Hailstones with long projecting crystals 
were seen in the Caucasus by Moritz of the Tiflis Observatory? on 
May 27, 1869. The figure leads us to believe that the projections 
were in no orderly disposition, as occurred in those which we are 
here describing. The remarkable radiating crystalline structure of 
the spherical hailstones which fell in N. W. France, July 4, 18194 
is also evidently distinct. In none of the hailstones which the writer 
examined was there the slightest suggestion of such origin. The 
ends in many cases were more or less obliquely truncated, but this was 
“due to breakage. A broken off section of a large arm (figure 12) was 
found, confirming this opinion. 
5. The secondary projections, or mammillae, were always on 
the convex, and not on the plane, face of the lenticular chief mass 
(figure 8). They recalled drops of water hanging from the surface 
of a sheet of glass. In one instance (figure 2) there appeared to bea 

1The Century Dictionary. 
* Greely, A. W., American Weather, N. Y., 1888, p. 78. 
’ Loomis in his Treatise in Meteorology, (1872), refers radiating protuberances 
in general to projecting ice-crystals. 
4 Greely, L.c. 
