96 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
TABLE SHOWING CUBICAL CONTENTS OF PIPES IN RELATION OF ACCUMULATION OF 




Snowy Ice. 
Amount of water,when con- 
verted into snowy ice which 
Diameter in Inches. Capacity in would fill one foot length of 
Cubic Inches. pipe taking increase of vol. 
—10 times. 
A EG OR RET aT CNE RER GS 5-357 -0742 gill 
TA re ne Pi 9-504 "13202 
DM, as re. DO tee Scent 14:69 .203 “ 
DT RE ART à CS TR LS SAR ae 21-25 -294 “ 
DAE a aS te er et Pec Aire IE 37-67 523004 
D Le A RER re TU PSE 58-93 8154 
SPAS RES ARTE MR AA NOÉ EN 84-85 151726 
Ds OS CD CIO ESA ARE ree Ov PIRE 115-42 1-594 “ 
RE chr het FARE ASN ptet or BS 150-83 25083 -%. 
SRE CS AR labre Per 235-70 3-26-3) 
OR RS Meee Str er 339-20 4-70 - “ 1-18 pints 
D Erne RGR pach Roe ie HOM rk eee hs 603 - 25 S 35 2.09 
DR ee Si os Re US CL 942.5 13:02 32585 
OR PR ie none te or rene 145723 18-8 s; TO 



In an unheated building in winter the ice formation is more 
likely to be spread uniformly throughout the entire sprinkler piping. 
Since the slow distillation of moisture must go on continuously from 
the warmer parts of the pipe to the colder, the presence of the priming 
water is always a possible source of supply. 
The ring ice formation does not put any strain on the pipes as 
does ordinary freezing, and the only danger results from the material 
reduction of the pipe capacity. It is probable that most of the ring 
ice would be melted quickly during the first rush of water into the 
pipes, but this cannot be counted on in the winter months when the 
water from the mains is at or near the freezing point. 
The writer wishes to acknowledge the courtesy of the Under- 
writers Bureau of New England, Mr. Gorham Dana, Manager, and 
Mr. S. L. Burgher, Inspector, for the excellent photographs shown 
here. The writer also expresses his indebtedness to Mr. C. L. Scofield, 
Manager, Sprinkler Risk Department of the Canadian Fire Under- 
writers Association for having drawn his attention to this subject 
and enabling a careful study to be made of these formations in 
Montreal. 
