52 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
terize the Olenellus zone, such as Olenoides (or Dorypyge) quadriceps 
and Elliptocephalus asaphoides. While there are at this locality such 
forms as these, there are others that simulate the fossils of the Upper 
Paradoxides species of Sweden. With the presence here of Para- 
doxides abenacus there is strong assurance that this Hastings cove 
deposit is to be referred to sub-zone d of the Paradoxides zone, and that 
the peculiar grouping of forms is due to the gathering of the deposit 
on an old Cambrian shore-line exposed to a surf beating against the 
steeply sloping land of the pre-Cambrian hill. On the contrary 
the typical species of the sub-zone d, at the eastern end of the St. 
John basin, were living in a sheltered bay, free from strong currents. 
Fauna of Division 2 of the St. John group 
There are indications that the western end of the St. John basin 
was open to the ocean surf in the closing period of Division 1 (Acadian) 
and continued so throughout the time marked by the coarser beds of 
Division 2 (Johannian).; this was especially the case in the middle of 
this period, when the flags at several horizons are marked by ripples, 
or wave marks, which still witness to an impulse communicated by 
waves rolling in from the South and causing wave marks, the crests 
of which have an east and west direction. It is in this open and ex- 
posed part of the St. John basin that the measures of this division 
attained their greatest thickness; in this respect they are in contrast 
with the beds of similar age in the two interior basins (Kennebecasis 
River and Long Reach) where they are much thinner. 
The few species of fossils found in this part of the St. John group 
are not of a kind to give distinct characteristics of age, since they are 
all Lingulellidæ; Lingulella is a genus which has representatives in 
all three divisions of the St. John Group. 
Remarks on the nature of the deposits of the Upper Cambrian 
and their contained faunas are reserved for discussion in a future 
communication to this society. 
Were there ocean abysses in Cambrian time? 
The question of the antiquity of the ocean abysses and of the 
mountain ridges bordering the continental masses, has been mooted 
and discussed by various authors, and I propose in the following 
remarks to call attention to some characteristic features of the Cam- 
brian deposits that appear to bear upon this theory, so far as the eastern 
part of Canada is concerned. 
