54 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
Cambrian time, and building up the submarine ridge which enabled 
the coastal species of the Cambrian faunas, to travel from Europe to 
America. 
Beside the indications of an old ‘‘massif”’ beside the St. John basin 
and in the Kennebecasis valley, there are similar proofs of an underly- 
ing solid pre-Cambrian mass in Cape Breton. But perhaps the earliest 
observed of such conditions on the North American continent, and at 
the same time the easternmost is the description by Alexander Murray 
of his so-called Intermediate System in Newfoundland; especially 
in the peninsula of Avalon, whose numerous bays, lined N.E. and S.W. 
attest to movement in the strata of that projecting mass, both in 
Cambrian and Intermediate Time, attesting pressure from the ocean 
depths beyond. And the northern peninsula of Newfoundland is 
an ancient barrier which in Cambrian time blocked the way between 
the Cambrian faunas of the interior and those of the Atlantic coast. 
In the address to which the writer has referred on a previous page 
attention was called to the source of the Lower Cambrian fauna 
(among others), and it was shown that those of the Atlantic Coast of 
North America could be traced to northern Europe, and especially 
to Scandinavia, and that certain genera (e.g. Anopolinus) have disap- 
peared in the western migration of that fauna, and yet that the unity 
of this fauna throughout its wide extension is clearly apparent; the 
only exception to this relation of the Cambrian types known is that of 
Liostracus tener, which has been traced to the southern part of France. 
That the barrier between the Cambrian areas of the interior of 
the North American continent and the Atlantic coast had a real 
existence, is shown by the limitation of the species Olenellus Thompsoni 
with its associated fauna, which seems not to have made its way to 
the New England portion of the Atlantic coast, nor to have spread 
eastward, beyond the district of Anse au Loupe in southern Labrador, 
where it and other species are found in the limestones at the top of 
the Cambrian sandstone on a coast otherwise composed of pre- 
Cambrian rocks. 
