[ARcHIBALD] MATHEMATICAL INSTRUCTION IN FRANCE 93 
wish to prepare themselves for industrial, commercial or agricultural 
careers. 
In what follows it will be supposed that the discussion is limited 
to the education of boys. 
ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICAL INSTRUCTION. 
The Lycées. 
The present system of secondary education in France dates from 
the great reform of 1902 and is carried on for the most part in Lycées 
and Colléges communaux which are to be found in nearly all cities. 
Because of their pre-eminence we shall consider the former only, which 
are under control of the state. Here the boys, who come from families 
in comfortable circumstances, may enter as élèves at the age of five or 
six years and be led along in their studies till they receive the Bacca- 
lauréat at the age of 16 or 17. Many lycées have still more advanced 
courses to prepare for entrance into such schools as the Ecole Normale 
Supérieure, Ecole Polytechnique, Ecole Centrale, Ecole Navale, Ecole 
de Saint Cyr, ete. The pupils at the lycées are of four kinds: 1st.— 
Externes, those who come to the lycées for classes but board and lodge 
outside; 2nd.—Internes or pensionnaires, élèves who live entirely in 
the establishment; 3rd.—Demi-pensionnaires who usually reside at 
a distance but take their mid-day meal at the lycée; 4th.—Æxternes 
surveillés, that is externes who work out their lessons under the eye 
of the préparateur in the salle d’étude of the lycée. In the whole of 
France rather less than one third of the lycée pupils are internes. At 
lycée Louis le Grand, Paris, in 1907, 275 of the 909 élèves were 
internes; on the other hand at the Saint Louis, which is quite near, 
there were 504 internes out of a registration of 854. 
The expenses of the pupil vary greatly with the class and the lycée 
in which he happens to be. The following table exhibits the range of 
cost (in franes per year), for some of the principal cities of the provinces 
and for the better lycées of Paris. 



Bordeaux, Lyons, 
Marseilles, Toulouse. Paris. 





HÉSTENTES ee ees LE SUN ieee 


70-450 90-700 




Externes Surveillés.............. 110-540 130-790 



Demi-pensionnaires ............. 370-850 500-1200 


IBCNSIONN ATES PEN Tet ane tise 700-1200 

900-1700 
The lower price in each case is for the classe enfantine, the higher 
for the special classes open to bacheliers. 
