126 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
in the provinees.' In recent appointment of professors, selection has 
been almost exclusively made from those who are both agrégés 
and doctors. That in exceptional cases the latter only is 
necessary was illustrated by a recent appointment to Poitiers, ? 
but it is quite unlikely that any professor will ever be promoted to 
Paris who has not passed both examinations. As exceptional, note 
-that any member of the Institut may be appointed professor at a 
university after six months of service in an establishment of higher 
education. The professorship of highest honour in the gift of the 
nation is at the Collége de France. Although the salary here is only 
10,000 franes, the duties consist simply in delivering 40 lectures of 
one houreach. In the universities the professor is expected, in general, 
to give but one course of lectures, viz., that which is called for by his 
chair. These lectures are delivered twice a week and last from an 
hour to an hour and a half each. If the course continue through the 
whole year, about 60 lectures are given; but we have already remarked 
that such men as Poincaré, Picard, Darboux, give only half this number. 
Remember, too, that many courses (practically all in the provinces) 
are repeated year after year with little change, that the professors are 
never called upon to arrange hours for conference with members of 
the class or to correct students’ exercises. 
One decidedly disagreeable duty does, however, fall to their lot- 
This is their obligation in the matter of various examinations. The 
figures given in an earlier section (p. 99) show how formidable this may 
be in the case of the baccalauréat alone, for the examiners as a whole. 
At the present time, however, only about one half the work is done by the 
university professor; and although his time is more or less broken into 
from June 27 to August 10, and November 1-8, the whole number of 
hours actually given up to the work by a single individual, in connection 
with both the baccalauréat and certificats, does not exceed 55. The 
whole number of hours which the professor gives to the State is, then, 
85-145 per year. With such insignificant breaks in leisure for research 
we can no longer wonder at the great productivity of many French 
mathematical professors. The attractiveness of their positions is still 

* Until the recent increase in the salaries of the university instructors inGermany, 
70 per cent. of the full professors received less than 15,000 franes. On the other 
hand there were three who received over 50,000 franes; and in any large German 
faculty some full professors will generally be found who receive for teaching an 
income from two to five times as large as some of his colleagues. These larger 
incomes are due to special allowances from the government, to extra university 
perquisites and to fees from the large body of students attracted by superior repu- 
tation. As distinguished from the rest of the world, in this connection, Germany 
pays an unusual amount for unusual merit. 
? Compare Appendix B. 
