[ARCHIBALD] MATHEMATICAL INSTRUCTION IN FRANCE 127 
further enhanced by other sources of income. Nearly all those at the 
Sorbonne are members of the Académie des Sciences of the Institut de 
France. As such they receive 1,500 francs annually. Since Poincaré 
is also member of the Académie Frangaise, this amount is presumably 
doubled. Darboux, as secrétaire perpétuel, receives 6,000 francs. 
Painlevé, also a member of the Institut, has been elected a member 
of the Chamber of Deputies, which will bring him in another 15,000 
francs a year. 
To such professorships the rising young mathematician may 
aspire; but as there are only fifty chairs in the whole country, the open- 
ings are few and the progress toward them slow. 
We cannot help but contrast the conditions of the American 
professor, with at least 10-12 hours of lecturing per week, in several 
departments of mathematics, not to speak of the demands made on 
his time in correcting exercises and examination papers, and in ad- 
ministrative work. Yet with all this burden, he is expected not only 
to keep abreast of the times in his subject, but also to advance know- 
ledge by his own researches. 
THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL STUDENT IN PARIS. 
Many of the attractive features of mathematical study in Paris 
have been already set forth in the foregoing pages, but I wish here 
to briefly indicate a few others, as well as to give some special infor- 
mation which may be helpful to the American student. 
No one can be wholly insensible to the charm of Paris herself, 
to the artisticity lavishly displayed by her people in sweeping shaded 
boulevard, towering monument, imposing building, gorgeous decor- 
ation, garden and embowered statuary, far-reaching park. From the 
time of Cesar and Roman occupation of the Cité, historic associations 
have multiplied, and now they cluster about every quarter. Galleries, 
churches, palaces, Versailles, Saint Cloud, Chantilly, Fontainebleau, 
illumine and vivify in thrilling fashion the printed accounts of happen- 
ings of history. To the sympathetic student of the genius of the 
people, their customs, their language, their habits of thought—French 
literature is vested with new dignity and charm and grace and subtle 
meaning. Preéminent on the stage, strongly influential in the worlds 
of art, among the foremost in all forms of scholarship—the potential- 
ities of fair France are great, both to educate and to refine. 
But to benefit by such influences, as well as by the courses of 
instruction, which run, for the most part, through the whole year, 
the American student should plan to stay in Paris at least a year. 
It would also be well for him to come as early in June as possible. At 
this time there is no opportunity for attending university lectures, 
