[girdwood] right and LEFT HANDEDNESS 189 



place and is allowed to lie there, in a short time a root will be protruded 

 fi'om the angle of each of the deep crenations, and shortly a second and 

 a third root find their way into the moisture and a bud will be protruded 

 on the upper side which will grow up to become a new plant, hence the 

 common name for this plant is the life plant. This same characteristic 

 to a less degree is enjoyed by the begonia, the cholens and others. 



In seed bearing plants, a flower is produced, the various parts or 

 envelopes of the flower consist only of modified leaves, and it may be ex- 

 pected that they occasionally take on other functions than the simple 

 flower duties, and flowers or clusters of flowers are seen, especially in the 

 primulaceae, in which the flower is converted into a new branch, hence the 

 common appearance known as the hen and chickens; in this case the 

 leaves which began as flower leaves have returned to their duties as 

 ordinar}»^ leaves, but when the flower goes on to maturity we find the 

 calyx or outside covering, the corolla, more or less gaudy, to attract in- 

 sects, then comes a whorl or more of stamens; all these parts are leaves 

 modified to perform their functions ; lastl}^, in the centre, is the carpel or 

 fruit or seed vessel; also a leaf, the fleshy part of which constitutes the 

 fruit; this leaf is called the carpellary leaf or carpel, which has its mid- 

 rib prolonged to form what is called the style, and terminated by the 

 stigma. There may be one or more carpellary leaves constituting the 

 fruit; in the plum one leaf only constitutes the fruit, and the inner sur- 

 face of the plum stone represents the upper surface of the leaf, the outer 

 skin of the plum represents the under surface, and the flesh of the plum, 

 the cellular matter between the two layers of the leaf, upper and lower, 

 the line down the one side of the plum represents the part where the 

 edges of the carpellary leaf are joined, and inside the cavity is the seed 

 or kernel. 



In the apple there are usually five such carpellary leaves united to 

 form the fruit and again the inside of the five cavities seen when the 

 apple is cut across, looking somewhat like a five-pointed star, are the 

 representatives of the upper surface of these five carpellary leaves, — the 

 outside being the representative of the under surface of the leaves, and 

 tlie outside points represent the mid-ribs of these five leaves, and the five 

 inner points will be observed to be double and represent the edges of 

 neighbouring carpellary leaves joined together on the edges of which little 

 seeds begin to grow. These are only like the buds on the Bryophyllum 

 leaf, but in this modified forn» they require impregnation ; if that opera- 

 lion takes place they grow to be perfect seeds, but if not they waste away 

 and dry up. 



In (100) one hundred apples of the northern spy variety examined, 



