APPENDIX A XLV 
Prince Edward Island as indicating one field in which the co-operation 
of scientific men and practical oyster culturists will be of the highest 
advantage. 
Oceanographic researches as to currents, temperature, salinity, etc., 
are not only of interest to the public from the fishery point of view, 
although the migrations of fish are often explained by them, but 
meteorological and other problems remain for solution on our seas of 
the highest interest. It is to be hoped that, in addition to the duty 
of protecting our shores from possible invaders, the Canadian Navy 
may contribute, as the British Navy has done, to such researches. 
It is well to insist on the fact that the encouragement of pure 
science always leads in the end to economic advance, perhaps more 
rapidly than if the attention of the investigator is focussed on the 
latter alone. 
Let us hope that the Canadian Government will keep this in mind 
in providing for the expansion of its scientific departments, and that 
it will eventually rival the government at Washington in the breadth 
of its scientific activities. 
CytoLocy, HEREDITY AND EUGENICS. 
The improvements of the microscope to which I referred, the in- 
vention of new methods of preservation of tissues, the differentiation 
of their elements by various chemical agents and the gradual perfection 
of the microtome, an instrument by which tissues properly impregnated 
may be cut into regular slices of two or three microns in thickness, have 
not only contributed to a more extensive knowledge of the structure of 
organisms, but have led to the development of a new branch of biological 
study dealing with the most intimate structure of the cells of plants 
and animals, Cytology. Upwards of seventy years ago the cell- 
theory of Schleiden and Schwann was announced, according to which 
the body of the higher organisms is built up out of elements called cells, 
or, as we might now prefer to say, is divided into such elements. Fifty 
years ago Virchow announced that no new cells arise except from pre- 
existing cells. The special study of such origins and the mechanism 
of the division of cells belongs, however, to the period with which we 
are concerned. It was soon realized that one of the main fundamental 
resemblances of animals and plants is to be found in the extremely 
elaborate figures which the chromatin particles of the nuclei of their 
cells go through when dividing. The phenomenon appears to have 
as its object the equal and rapid redistribution of chromatin between 
the two daughter-cells. It afterwards turned out that each species of 
animal and plant has its own characteristic number of such chromo- 
somes in its body cells. Its ripe reproductive cells, however, have 
