152 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
statement of D deals only with an exceptional feature at the end of 
the drive, 2.e., from the park gate to the hall door, although of this 
fact D himself was unconscious. 
Case 8.—B’s first, third and fifth statements that he has read all 
the Bible deal with the matter as a whole. His contrary statements, 
the second and fourth, deal with the matter according to the standpoint 
of the inquirer with reference to an exceptional part. 
REMARKS UPON THE CATEGORY OF Whole and Part, or Rule and 
Exception. 
Every exception to a general statement involves the elements of 
a discrepancy, which, however, is not recognized as such because, the 
exception being expressly made in connection with the general state- 
ment, the circumstances of the discrepancy are quite clear. Thus, if 
a tourist, describing a visit to the United States, writes on page 10 of 
his work, “I visited the chief cities of the United States, except Chi- 
cago,’ the reader will feel no discrepancy. If on the contrary the 
tourist wrote on page 10 of his work, “I visited the chief cities of the 
United States,” and upon page 100, “I did not visit Chicago,” the 
reader will say that between these statements, so separated, there is 
a discrepancy. 
In conversation such exceptions may be expressed by mere juxta- 
position. Thus if the above tourist should say verbally to a friend, 
“T visited the chief cities of the United States. I did not visit Chicago,” 
the friend would understand these two sentences in immediate succes- 
sion to be equivalent to the statement, “I visited the chief cities of 
the United States, except Chicago.” In primitive literature, with its 
preference for simple as opposed to complex statements, the same 
method of expressing exceptions is to be found. It is in disregard of 
this principlé that the writer of the article on “Jacob” in Hastings’ 
Bible Dictionary (vol. ii, p. 529, note) says concerning Jacob’s passing 
of the ford of Jabbok, as recorded in Genesis 32: 22-24, that in verse 22 
Jacob has passed the Jabbok while in verse 23 he has not. The passage 
reads: (v. 22) “And he rose up that night, and took his two wives, 
and his two handmaids, and his eleven children, and passed over the 
ford of Jabbok. (v. 23) “And he took them and sent them over the 
stream, and sent over that he had. (v. 24) And Jacob was left alone; 
and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day.” In 
this succession of simple statements in the primitive style, the writer of 
Genesis first states the general fact of the caravan passing the Jabbok, 
and then the exception that while the bulk of the caravan passed over, 
