[LAMBE] PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 13 
The next gap, and it represents an even greater interval of time 
than that of the Eocene, occurs after the Lower Oligocene and includes 
the remainder of the Oligocene and all of the Miocene and Pliocene. 
Sedimentary or stratified rocks at a number of localities throughout 
the length of British Columbia (Flat Head river; Interior plateau of 
British Columbia; Upper Liard district) and on the plains (Hand 
hills) have been referred with more or less certainty to the Miocene, 
and certain stratified deposits of supposed Pliocene age have been 
recognized in British Columbia (Hat Creek valley; Kamloops district; 
Horse Fly valley) as well as in Manitoba (Swan river), but in none of 
these beds have vertebrate remains been found, the lithological charac- 
ters of the deposits and their stratigraphical relations to other beds 
having been mainly relied on for assignment of age. 
Following the Tertiary came the Quaternary, and it is to the Pleis- 
tocene period of the latter that we must now turn our attention. This 
was a period of great land movements, of elevation and depression, and 
it is to that portion of greatest elevation that the term Glacial Epoch 
has been applied, representing the time when glaciers, with their far- 
reaching climatic effects, were most fully developed. It was a period 
of migrations and invasions of life, and of a loss to this country, by 
emigration or extinction, of many species of vertebrates. The horses, 
previously so plentiful, disappear, the elephants and mastodons, Old 
World forms, gradually become extinct, whilst the moose, the bison, 
the mountain goat, the musk-ox, the red deer, the bear and the rein- 
deer are new arrivals from Europe and Asia. 
The Pleistocene deposits of this country have not been sufficiently 
studied as yet from the standpoint of the disappearance of old forms of 
vertebrates and the arrival of new ones, to admit of a discussion of 
this phase of Pleistocene life, in fact sufficient data are not as yet 
available for a proper presentation of the subject. It will be sufficient 
for the present to refer in a general way to the species of vertebrates 
so far known from Pleistocene deposits and to state in what portions of 
the country their remains have been found. 
The Pleistocene fauna, as known to us, consists of fishes, birds and 
mammals and does not include many species. The fishes all belong to 
modern forms and are the salmon (Salmo salar), the capelin (Mallotus 
villosus) the smelt (Osmerus mordaz), the sculpin (Artediellus uncinatus), 
the Lump Sucker or Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) and the eastern 
Stickleback (Gasterosteus bispinosus) all known from the Leda clay at 
Green creek, near Ottawa, with the exception of the remains of the 
salmon which were found at Goose river, on the north shore of the St. 
Lawrence. Feathers of birds occur in the nodules of Green creek and 
bones of birds, not as yet determined, have been found in the Leda Clay 
