[MATTHEW] CLIMATIC ZONES IN DEVONIAN TIME 149 
All the above are from the red sandstones and conglomerate of the 
lower member of the terrane. 
Mr. W. J. Wilson of the Canadian Geological Survey has within the 
last few years collected extensively from the strata of this basin and 
found many additional species especially in the upper part of the 
terrane which may be Lower Carboniferous. The flora of this basin 
has a strong deltaic element and so resembles that of the Coal Measures. 
Dr. R. W. Ells has assured me however, that the Lower Carboniferous 
limestone at Quaco Head unconformably overlies the sandstones etc., 
of this basin. 
The Upper Devonian of Windsor and Horton. 
The vicinity of Windsor, Nova Scotia is very instructive as to the 
relations of the Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks. The 
sheet showing the Avon river basin in the map of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Canada, will show the relation of the Horton sandstones (Wick- 
wire sandstones) to the Lower Carboniferous limestone series. 
The foundation of the structure of the district as regards the Upper 
Devonian is a complex or massif consisting of Huronian (‘Lower Cam- 
brian’”’) and Silurian sediments that have been cut and partly meta- 
morphosed by granites and other intrusive rocks of later date than the 
Silurian, but prior to the deposition of the Upper Devonian strata. 
Hence we may find the Upper Devonian resting on any one of these 
three kinds of rocks, and filling valleys in the surface of the complex. 
The Upper Devonian itself was thrown into low folds at a later date 
and one of these contains the plant-bearing strata of the Gaspereau 
valley, with which was connected the exposed ledges along the western 
side of the Avon river known as Horton Bluff, whose fossil plants etc., 
have been described by Sir Wm. Dawson and others. 
Complementary to the raised ridge of the complex above alluded 
to, with its fringe of Devonian sandstones etc., there is on the east side 
of the Avon river a basin in which the Lower Carboniferous limestones 
etc., were deposited. The late Mr. Fletcher has consistantly represented 
the base of this terrane as marked by the occurrence of limestone and 
gypsum at numerous localities along the margin; but there were also 
anticlines in this area which brought the limestones to the surface in 
the middle of the basin. 
On the south side of the basin the Lower Carboniferous strata rest 
indifferently on granite, “Cambrian” quartzite, Silurian slates, or Upper 
Devonian sandstones etc., and so are more recent than all of these. 
On the north side of the basin also the Lower Carboniferous rocks may 
