[ganong] identity OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS 199 



no data for distingiiisliing the comparatively small differences which 

 separate the European and American forms. In view of the consequent 

 looseness and elasticity of their nomenclature we must not attempt to 

 press their identifications too closely. But with later writers the case 

 is different^ for with increasing knowledge of the country and its pro- 

 ducts there came a sharper recognition of the identity of the different 

 forms, and both the evolved and the adopted names were applied to 

 perfectly distinct species, whose exact identification is possible. 



While I have tried to make this paper complete, I cannot suppose 

 that I have included all forms that ought to be in it, nor am I convinced 

 that all of my determinations are correct. But the work will at least 

 perve as a basis for further study of this interesting subject. 



The writings of the early voyagers which I have used are the 

 following : — 



Alphonse. — Description of Canada, of 1542, published in translation in Hak- 

 luyt, and reprinted in Baxter's Memoir. 



Biard, Father, — Relations of the Tears 1611-1614. Reprinted and translated 

 in Thwaites' Jesuit Relations Vols. I-IV. 



Cartier. — First voyage, 1534; the Discours of 1598 and the Relation originale, 

 both in Tross's reprints, and also the Translation in Baxter's Memoir. 

 Second Voyage, 1535-1536; the Bref Récit of 1545 in Tross's reprint 

 (including the valuable notes, giving other readings thereto), with the 

 translation in Baxter's Memoir. 



Third Voyage, 1540. From the translations in Hakluyt (the only ac- 

 count known) reprinted in Baxter's Memoir. 



Champlain. — ^Voyage to the Saint Lawrence of 1603; Des Sauvages in La- 

 verdière's edition of 1870, with Hakluyt's translation reprinted by 

 Bourne. 



Voyage to Acadia in 1604-1607; Les Voyages in Laverdière's edi- 

 tion of 1870, with the Otis-Slafter translation, and Grant's recent re- 

 print thereof. (On his map of 1612 Champlain figures a number of 

 plants, some with name, but more without. The identity of a few of 

 these is plain, but most of them are unidentifiable, a statement I make 

 not upon my own authority alone, but also upon a much better one, 

 that of Mr. Walter Deane, of Cambridge, Mass, who knows the flora 

 of Northeastern America so thoroughly). 



Later Voyages to Canada; in his later publications collected in the 

 Laverdiêre edition, and the Otis-Slafter and Grant Translations. His 

 edition of 1632 contains in the first chapter extensive and valuable 

 list of animals and plants. 



Charlevoix. — Histoire de la Nouvelle France. In Vol. II he describes and figures 

 some 98 plants so fully and clearly that there is little if any difficulty 

 in recognizing their identity. 



