210 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



Chardonnereulx. — French name for the Gold-finch, transferred to the Ameri- 

 can Gold-finch, commonly called Thistle-bird. Mentioned first by 

 Cartier in 1535. Its identity seems unquestionable, especially in view 

 of the correspondence between name and habit (chardon, meaning 

 Thistle). The name persists in Canadian French as Chardonneret 

 (Dionne). 



Chardons. — French name for Thistles, used by Denys for those of Acadia, 

 which would include one or two native forms, with, probably, the in- 

 troduced Canada Thistle. 



Chastaigne. — French name for the European Chestnut. On the Saint Law- 

 rence in 1603 Champlain saw line manicrc de fniict qui semble à des 

 Chastaigncs. It was no doubt the American Chestnut which occurs in 

 this region, and this identification is confirmed by the picture of the 

 CliatOiigne on his map of 1612. 



Châtaigne de mer. — See Oursin. 



Chat- huant, — See Hibou. 



Chat sauvage. — French descriptive name for the Wild Cat. Used first by 

 Cartier in 1535, as CJiatz Sauvaigcs, to include, perhaps, both it and 

 the Lynx; but by Lescarbot it was applied to the true Wild Cat. Cham- 

 plain, in 1632, clearly distinguished the Chat Hauuage (Wild Cat), and 

 the Loup ccrulcr, (Lynx). Lescarbot compared his Chat sauvage with 

 the Lcopart, or Leopard, a comparison earlier applied by Haie in 1583 

 to the Lynx, or Lusern, of Newfoundland. 



Chauve-souris. — French name for Bat, without distinction of species, mean- 

 ing Bald Mouse. Used first by Denys for the common Bat, the little 

 brown Bat of Acadia. It is still so called by the Acadian French (fide 

 A. C. Smith). 



Chesne. — French name for the Oak of Europe without distinction of species, 

 extended to those of America. Used first by Cartier in 1535, and by all 

 others thereafter. The species observed by the early voyagers must 

 have been chiefiy the Red Oak, since the more valuable White Oak 

 hardly ranges so far north. Cartier also applies the French name gla, 

 that is gland, to the acorn, as does Lescarbot, in the form clicncs 

 portc-glans. Parkhurst, in 1578, called it 07re. 



Chevaulx de Mer. — French name, meaning Sea Horses, applied by Cartier 

 in 1535 to the Walrus, which he had described the previous year with- 

 out name. He also calls it by its native name, Adiiotlmys, a word which 

 has not been identified in any Indian dialect. Lescarbot identified it, 

 of course erroneously, with the Hlppotamcs of the Nile, described by 

 Piny, and adds that it was known to the French sailors as Bete « la 

 grand dent, a name also mentioned by Denys. Lescarbot, with Cartier's 

 name in mind, adds that it is more like a vachc, or cow, than a cheval, 

 or horse, thus foreshadowing the name Yache marine, which was used 

 by Denys in 1672. This latter came later into universal use, was 

 adopted by the English as Sea Cow, and is thus used down to the 



