54 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



other opinions and derive them from different sources. The time is 

 not yet come when we can speak with certainty of their origin and 

 afïîHations. 



That the two races, Northern and Southern, dwelt side by side 

 in Europe in earher times Ripley holds as proved by archaeological 

 evidence. He sees in the Alpine race of middle Europe and France, 

 a later intrusive people having decided Asiatic affinities, who had 

 thrust themselves into the center of the earlier inhabitants and driven 

 them asunder into two diverging groups, forcing one to the north and 

 the other to the south, where their descendents are mainly found to 

 this day. 



This Alpine race is today, as it undoubtedly was also in Neolithic 

 times, a round-headed, hazel-eyed, stocky people, with rather broad, 

 heavy noses. Ripley seems to be justified in holding these views; 

 for our researches assure us that the early inhabitants of western 

 Europe, that is, the true Palseolithic peoples, were all of the long- 

 headed type. There is not a single instance known of a typically 

 brachycephalic man in Europe till late Palaeolithic times. 



We can reconstruct fairly easily the salient features of the culture 

 of the Neolithic peoples of Europe from the evidences they have left 

 behind them in the remains of their lacustrine habitations, in the 

 contents of their cave-shelters, in their midden-heaps and in their 

 barrows or burial mounds. From these latter we certainly gather 

 some very definite information. We find, for example, that they 

 constructed these barrows in two distinct ways. To one, a long or 

 oval form was given; to the other, a short round form. We learn, 

 too, from the contents of these mounds that the long barrows are 

 earlier in time than the round ones. For in the long barrows we 

 find implements or objects of stone only. In the round barrows 

 we find specimens of bronze objects as well. We may conclude, 

 therefore, that the round barrow^s belong exclusively to the late 

 Neolithic or early Bronze age. But this is not the only remarkable 

 feature about these tumuli. There is another one even more signi- 

 ficant and that is, that the long, oval barrows always contain dolicho- 

 cephalic skulls and the short round barrows brachycephalic skulls. 

 Scarcely any exception to this rule has ever been observed and when 

 such an exception does occur it is found that a long-barrow has been 

 opened for the interment of a member of the later round-headed race. 

 Indeed, so invariable is our experience in this particular that an 

 ethnic law has been founded upon it which is thus concisely expressed, 

 — "long-barrow — long-skull. Round-barrow — round-skull." 



