56 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



in texture from the other. When a hair of the negro type is examined 

 under a microscope a cross-section of it presents a flattened, elHptical 

 form, without any distinguishable medullary or central pith tube. 

 A cross-section of the straight, lank kind shows a round or cylindrical 

 form, with a distinct, central, medullary tube, containing pith. 

 Both kinds are invariably black. These characters are found to be 

 as persistent as the cephalic index and when a racial crossing of the 

 two types is effected we observe a result similar to that which follows 

 the blending of the two typical head-forms- — the evolution of a second- 

 ary or intermediate form; and this, like the intermediate head-forms, 

 exhibits a varying tendency toward the characters of one or other of 

 the primary types. The hair of the Europeans of today is character- 

 ized by these secondary qualities. It is neither altogether crisp and 

 curly like that of the negro nor straight and lank like that of the 

 Asiatic, but partakes in a varying degree of both these characters. 

 In cross-section it is seen to be ovaloid in form, with a slightly 

 distinguishable but rudimentary medullary tube which is wholly 

 without pith. Its color is variable, ranging from fair to dark or 

 quite black. 



From these circumstances we are irresistably led to the conclusion 

 that they are a people of mixed descent having Africanoid affinities 

 on the one side and Asiatic on the other. The Asiatic characters we 

 conclude they inherit from the brachycephalic people of the round- 

 barrows who invaded Europe from the east in Neolithic times. From 

 whence came the Africanoid affinities? We shall better be able to 

 answer this question when we have learned what our researches can 

 teach us of the earlier Palaeolithic peoples of Europe. 



Thus far we have traced the modern races of Europe back to 

 Neolithic times and seen that the appearance of one of them coincides 

 with the Bronze age and that they entered Europe from the east and 

 are undoubtedly of Asiatic origin. It remains now to learn what we 

 may of the other two long-headed peoples whom Ripley regards as 

 variant types of an earlier common stock. 



We find that the Neolithic merges insensibly into the Palaeolithic 

 — there is no recognizable break between the two. The people of 

 the Tardenoisian — ^Azilian epochs link up the two periods into a 

 continuous, unbroken whole. Just how early the first wave of Asiatic 

 migration began is yet an open question. Osborn sees in the Fur- 

 fooz-Grenelle type of man a new race of broad-headed people distinct 

 from the Alpine stock proper. He thinks we may see six different 

 races in Europe at the close of the Palaeolithic period. These he 

 terms Teutonic or Baltic, Mediterranean, Alpine or Celtic, Furfooz- 



