[huntsman] the ASCIDIAN FAMILY CAESIRIDAE 231 



Intestinal loop somewhat strongly curved into a secondary loop. 

 A gonad on each side, the left above primary but in secondary in- 

 testinal loop. Testicular lobes arranged more or less radially at 

 blind end of ovary. A single short vas deferens, not accompanying 

 oviduct. 



Type species— C dione (Savigny). 



Other species are C. appendiculata (Heller), C. korotneffii 

 (Drasche), C. natalensis (Michaelsen, 1918, p. 2), and C. cynthiae- 

 formis (Hartmeyer). From Savigny 's account and figures of his 

 species, it is quite clear that it is very close to the species of 

 Heller and Drasche, and, therefore, we may safely infer that it 

 possesses all the generic characters given above, although several 

 minor ones have not yet been demonstrated for it. 



Molgula martensi Traustedt may belong here. 



LITHONEPHRYA Giard (sens, nov.) 



Syn. Ctenicella Lacaze-Duthiers (partim) 

 Molgula et Caesira auct. (partim) 



Apertural lobes fringed or branched. 



Pharynx with 6 or 7 folds on each side. Infundibula extending 

 into folds, each having many stigmata, which are spirally arranged, 

 and at the same time form rows lengthwise of the infundibula. Dorsal 

 lamina more or less toothed. Dorsal tubercle with aperture in the 

 form of a longitudinal slit, the ends of which may turn to opposite 

 sides forming a reversed S. 



A gonad on each side, the left above the intestinal loop. In 

 each gonad the oviduct is at the anterior end. Testicular lobes 

 arranged more or less radially at blind (posterior) end of ovary. 

 A single short vas deferens, not accompanying ovary and oviduct. 



Type species — *L. complanata (Aid. and Hanc). 



Other species are *L. tenax (Traust.), L. morgatae (Lac.-Duth.), 

 and *L. canadensis (Huntsman, 1912, p. 140). LitJwnephrya exhibits 

 a condition unique for the family, namely a reversal in the orientation 

 of the gonad, the oviduct opening at the anterior or abatrial end of 

 the ovary. In other respects this genus is quite similar to Caesira, 

 but with the characteristic features of the latter, such as transverse 

 (to pharynx) arrangement of the stigmata, fringing of apertural 

 lobes, reversed coiling of ends of aperture of dorsal tubercle, and 

 toothing of dorsal lamina, less pronounced. 



