M.OWKRS ()!• THK KIKI.DS AND MKADOWS 



Septcinlicr, aiitl is a dccicUious, herbaceous, lureiinial pliiu, haviniij 

 no sti)lons. 



As soon as the llower is open pollen is dischari^ed by the anthers, 

 commencinj^r from the outside. The sti.^mas are at this sta^e not yet 

 mature; the anthers o])en alont^ their ed<;es, and on ripeninjr turn 

 oul\\<u-tls. Bees dust themselves with pollen, carry it off, and (.le|)(;sit 



it elsewhere on other plants. 

 The stigmas are mature 

 before the inner stamens 

 have shed all their pollen, 

 and self-pollination often 

 takes place by means of 

 small insects crawling' over 

 the flowers. 



The inner stamens often 

 touch the stigmas. Larger 

 insects bring about cross- 

 pollination if they go from 

 a young to an okler flower. 

 The [)etals secrete the 

 honey. The female Hower 

 may occasionally be on a 

 different plant, though as 

 a rule the flowers are com- 

 l)lete. Diptera (Empida;, 

 Syrphidce, Muscida-), Cole- 

 optera (Nitidulidce, Derme- 

 stidae, Buprestidre, Mordel- 

 lidie, Q^'demeridae, Ciste- 

 lidaj, Cerambycida-, Chrysomelid:e), Hymenoptera (Tenthredinid?e, 

 Sphegidie, \'espida^ Apidce), Lei)idoptera — Small Heath (SahT/ts 

 {Ccenonynipha) I'aiuphilits), Small Copper {^Chrysophanus [Polvoin- 

 maUis) Plil(cas), Burnet Companion [Euclidia ^^lyphica) — visit it. 



The fruit is dispersed by its own mechanism. TRe achenes or 

 fruits are close together and are hooked, and dispersed by the normal 

 splitting and scattering of the fruit. It is also wind -dispersed, and 

 dispersed by animals from the effect of the; wind upon the long flower- 

 stalks, and by the agency of passing animals. The ])lants being bitter 

 to the taste are therefore left standing. 



It is largely a sand plant, subsisting usually on a sand soil derived 

 fr(jm sandv formations in which there is a sandv loam. 



Upright Meaixjw Crowfoot {Rnnunculus ch 



